• 환경생물
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.132-141
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• 2003

We carried out a study on thermohaline structure and phytoplankton com munity in the East China Sea during early summer in 2005. As a result of marine environment and phytoplankton community, three characteristics of water type were identified. The former was characterized by the dominant species with diatoms, Chaetoceros lacinious, Ch. decipiens, Guninardia flaccida, Paralia sulcata, Pseudonitzschia pungens and Pseudosolenia calcar-avis in Chinese coastal waters, the secondary was done by lower water temperature, salinity and the dominant species with dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Ceratium fusus, in over-all areas and the latter was done by the dominant species with coastal species of diatoms, Skeletonema costafum and Nitzschia longissima and silicoflagellate, Dictyocha speculum var. octopers in the transfer areas of Chinese continental coastal waters. Phytoplankton community in the surface layer identified a total of 66 species belonging to 36 genera. Dominant species was Prorocentrum donghaiense, Chaetoceros lacinious, Skeletonema costatum. Standing crops of phytoplankton in the surface layer flue tuated between $1.5 \times 10^4$cells $L^{-1}$ and $3.5\times 10^{5}$ cells $L^{-1}$. And the highest value appeared in the Changjiang estuaries with high dominance by diatoms and lowest one occurred in the southwestern area of Jeju Island with high dominance by dinoflagellates. Red tides with dinoflagellate, Prororcentrum donghaiense appeared in the frontal areas with mazimum cell density, $3.4\times 10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$. And outbreak environments was low water temperature under $20^{\circ}C$, and low salinity under 31.55 psu. The vertical distribution of red tide organisms went to about 30m depth from surface.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.379-399
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• 2008

Spatial-temporal variations in physiochemical water qualities (temperature, salinity, DO, SPM, POC and nutrients) of surface and bottom waters were investigated along the mid-western coastal area (Taean Peninsula to Gomso Bay) of Korea. Spatial distribution patterns of temperature and salinity were mostly controlled by the physical mixing process of freshwater from Geum River and/or Gyunggi Bay with nearby coastal water. A strong tidal front is formed off Taean Peninsula during spring and summer. Seasonal variations in nutrient concentrations, lower in spring and summer and higher in fall and winter, are primarily regulated by magnitude of phytoplankton occurrence rather than freshwater loadings into the bay. Based on seasonal and spatial variability of physicochemical parameters, water quality of the study area can be divided into four water masses; Gyunggi Bay-influenced Water Mass (GBWM), Geum River-influenced Water Mass (GRWM), Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water Mass (YSBCWM) and Cheonsu Bay Water Mass (CBWM). Water quality of the GBWM (Taean Peninsula coastal area), which has relatively low salinity and high concentrations of nutrients, is strongly controlled by the Gyunggi Bay coastal water, which is under influence of the Han River freshwater. In this water mass, the mixed layer is always developed by strong tidal mixing. As a result, a tidal front is formed along the offshore boundary of the mixed layer. Such tidal fronts probably play an important role in the distribution of phytoplankton communities, SPM and nutrients. The GRWM, with low salinity and high nutrients, especially during the flood summer season, is closely related to physiochemical properties of the Geum River. During the flood season, nutrient-enriched Geum River water mass extends up to 60 km away from the river mouth, potentially causing serious environmental problems such as eutrophication and unusual and/or noxious algal blooms. Offshore (<$30{\sim}40m$ in water depth) of the study area, YSBCWM coupled with a strong thermocline can be identified in spring-summer periods, exhibiting abundant nutrients in association with low temperature and limited biological activity. During spring and summer, a tidal front is formed in a transition zone between the coastal water mass and bottom cold water mass in the Yellow Sea, resulting in intensified upwelling and thereby supplying abundant nutrients to the GBWM and GRWM. Such cold bottom water mass and tidal front formation seems to play an important role in controlling water quality and further regulating physical ecosystem processes along mid-western Korean coastal area.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.154-162
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• 2011

연안 해역을 효과적으로 관리하고 어장을 이용하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 통영주변해역에 대하여 환경 특성을 조사하였다. 수온의 변동범위는 $5.17{\sim}27.11^{\circ}C$이었으며, 1월에 낮았으며, 8월 하순에 가장 높았다. 염분의 변동 범위는 24.04~34.39 psu이었으며, 7월에 일시적으로 낮았으며, 11월 이후에 회복되었다. DO는 변동범위는 4.17~12.38 mg/L이었으며, 저층에서는 5월부터 원문만과 북신만 주변에서 4 mg/L 이하의 낮은 농도가 관측되었다. $NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N, $PO_4$-P 농도는 3월부터는 아주 낮았으며, 10월 이후부터는 높아졌다. 투명도의 평균치는 6 m 정도였으며, 원문만에서 특이하게 높았다. COD 농도는 수온이 높은 여름에 높았으며, Chl. a 농도는 7~10월에 높았다. 수질인자를 이용하여 군집을 분석하였으며, 크게 3개 그룹으로 나눠졌다. 이들 3개 해역의 특성을 요약하면 원문만 해역(I) 표층은 담수가 많이 유입되고, DO, Chl. a 농도 및 투명도가 높고, 저층에서는 DO 농도가 낮으며, $NH_4$-N의 농도가 높은 해역이다. 외해(III)는 염분, $NO_3$-N 농도가 높고, Chl. a 농도가 낮은 해역으로 구분된다. 그리고 통영주변 해역(II)은 I 해역과 III 해역의 중간 특징을 가지는 것으로 보인다. 그리고 이번 조사 해역을 가막만, 광양만과 비교해보면 굴이 먹이를 많이 섭취하는 여름철에 이번 조사의 해역 모두가 가막만과 광양만보다 $NO_3$-N 농도가 상당히 낮고 먹이생물의 양을 나타내는 클로로필 농도도 낮았다. 또 우렁쉥이가 먹이를 많이 섭취하는 수온이 낮은 시기에도 가막만, 광양만보다 클로로필 농도가 낮은 특성을 보였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2007

To analyze the water characteristics in the dry and wet seasons, the data for temperature, salinity, nutrients and $chl-{\alpha}$ were used, which were observed in the south coastal area of Korea during April to October 2000. At Yeosu in the south coast of Korea, the higher values of 35.0 psu in salinity were shown in March and April, the lower values of 23.0 psu in salinity were shown in August and September. The annual range of salinity was 12.0 psu. The total amount of precipitation in the wet season (July to October) was occupied 68% (about 846 mm) during 2000. The precipitation of the dry season (November to June) was occupied 32% (about 394 mm) in the year In the coastal area, the salinity variation is distinct in the period of July to October. Based on this result, we divided the season into two parts: the dry season during April to June and the wet season during July to October. Factor analysis was shown that temperature has strong negative relation and nutrients show positive relations in the dry season by the factor 1, which explains the total valiance of 50.6% at the surface water. In the wet season, salinity has negative relation and nutrients show positive relation by the factor 2, which explains the total variance of 33.5%. The bottom layer also showed similar to those of surface water in the results of factor analysis. These mean that nutrients become rich due to the freshwater inflow in the wet season. The low saline water is shown not only in the south coast but also in the overall region in the South Sea of Korea. It is suggested that the South Sea of Korea may call a ROFI (Region of Freshwater Influence) system in summer.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.331-340
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• 1988

대마난류 수형의 계절 변화를 19개년 $(1965\~1983)$의 해양관측 자료를 사용하여 (thermosteric anomaly)로서 검토했다. $33.8\%_{\circ}$의 염분값을 지표로 살펴본 바에 의하면, 대한해협을 통해 유입된 하계 표층 저염수는 여름부터 가을동안에 표층의 수형변화에 영향을 주고 있다. 표면에서 $\delta_T$의 값은 수온에 의한 영향을 많이 받지만, 하계에는 일시적으로 염분에 영향을 받는다. 그 값은 최저 수온이 나타나는 겨울에 가장 작고, 봄에 수온의 상승에 따라 차츰 증가하며, 최고 수온 및 최저 염분이 나타나는 여름에 가장 크고, 가을에 수온의 하강에 따라 차츰 감소한다. 그리고 저염수의 유입 때문에 고오도 서방역은 8월에 779 cl/t, 한국 연안역은 9월에 622 cl/t으로 쿠로시오역의 8월의 값 622cl/t 보다 더 크다. 깊이 100m에서 $\delta_T$ 변화는 표면만큼 탁월하지 않으며, 년중 수온 변화에 의존하고, 대마난류역의 북쪽 정점으로 갈수록 감소한다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.153-163
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• 2004

In order to estimate the nutrient flux of the Seomjin River into the coastal waters of South Sea, and to understand the estuarine reactions during mixing between river water and seawater, we collected surface water along the salinity gradient in the Seomjin River estuary from Mar. 1999 to Apr. 2001. We found that nitrate and silicate were delivered by fluvial input, while phosphate was, supplied from disposed wastes in the Gwangyang Bay. Mean annual flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphate and silicate into the Gwangyang Bay was estimated 10.9 molesㆍsec$^{-1}$(4,820 tonnesㆍyr$^{-1}$), 0.07 molesㆍsec$^{-1}$(68 tonnesㆍyr$^{-1}$), 13.3 molesㆍsec$^{-1}$(11,747 tonnesㆍy$^{-1}$), respectively. An evident removal of phosphate, silicate and ammonium at the mid-salinity zone during the dry season was attributed to the active uptake of phytoplankton, and consequently nutrient flux into the Gwangyang Bay was low. Whereas, during the flood season in summer, conservative or additional distribution of the nutrients was observed in the estuary. As a rsult nutrient flux into the Gwangyang Bay was maintained high. High concentrations of chlorophyll a and the active removal of nutrient during the dry season at the mid-salinity zone suggest that nutrient distribution in the Seomjin River estuary was mainly controlled by biological processes and nutrient fluxes into the Gwangyang Bay might be significantly modified of by the primary production.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.212-223
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• 2002

Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom in 1995 was studied with a focus on an unusual coastal environment in the South Sea of Korea. Data on temperature, salinity, and zooplankton biomass during 1965-1998 and nutrients during 1990-1998 and chlorophyll-a during 1995-1998 were used in this study. These data were obtained from the serial oceanographic observations in Korean waters carried out by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute. In 1995 the C. polykrikoides bloom began in the coastal area around Narodo Island in August and consequently occurred to the whole coastal area of the South and East Seas of Korea. During June-October 1995, the coastal environment was unusual compared with the long-term means during 1965-1998. In June 1995, sea surface temperature was 1-2$^{\circ}C$ warmer than in other years in all coastal areas, while salinity was high only to the east of Jeju Island. In August 1995, a strong coastal front appeared inshore of a line between Jeju and Tsushima Islands. In particular, a strong coastal front which showed the characteristics of upwelling front occurred in the coastal area around Narodo and Sorido Islands, not only because of a strong intrusion of the Tsushima Warm Current but also because of the upwelling of cold bottom water. Salinity was low in the neighboring waters of western side of Jeju Island. Nutrients and chlorophyll-a were high in the inshore area between Narodo and Sorido Islands in 1995 in contrast with the other years and areas. Zooplankton showed an unusually high abundance in the coastal area in October 1995. We conclude that the Tsushima Warm Current strongly influenced the South Sea of Korea in 1995 and created strong upwelling front bordering cold upwelled water in the coastal area around Narodo and Sorido Islands. It leads us that these physical structures introduce the favorable environment for the development of C. polykrikoides blooms. We suggest that C. polykrikoides has a bio-physical tolerance of high shear and stress and prefers frontal and upwelling relaxed areas as its habitat. We also find that nutrients were not supplied to the coastal area from the offshore where a low salinity water mass with high nutrients appeared around Jeju Island. Because the strong upwelling front protect the reach of offshore low saline water mass. The main source of nutrients was the upwelled water mass in the coastal area of Wando-Narodo-Sorido.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.278-290
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• 1991

1988년 5월 한바다호를 이용하여 울릉분지 해역의 21개 정점에서 CTD 관측과 동시 에 화학성분들의 개관적 분포 특성을 최대 600 m 깊이까지 조사하였다. 조사 성분들의 대표적 수직분포를 하면, 영양염이 고갈되어 있는 30~40 m 두께의 표면혼합층과 수온 및 염분을 포함한 모든 화학성분들이 급격한 변화를 보이는 수온약층, 그리고 거의 특 성이 균일한 수심 약 200 m 이하의 심층으로 구분된다. 북위 37$^{\circ}$ 12'을 동서로 잇는 CTD 관측선상에서 약 190 m 깊이에 동해 중층수의 특징인 염분 최소층이 관측되었으 나, 이층의 용존산소 농도가 230~275 uM로서 기존에 알려진 동해 중층수의 특징인 290 uM (6.5 ml/l) 이상의 용존 산소가 관측되지 않았다. 그러나 겉보기 산소활용 (AOU)과 질산염, 인산염, 규산염 염분 최소층에서 그 위나 아래 깊이에 비하여 일관성 있게 작은 농도를 보였다. 따라서, 염분 감소에 따른 겉보기 산소활용 및 제영양염들 의 감소 경향을 통해 중층수의 특징으로 규정할 수 있으며, 동해 해수의 새로운 추적 자로서 활용 가능성이 발견되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.393-407
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• 1997

1995년 10월 탐양호를 이용하여 동해 중부 및 북부해역의 28개 정점에서 CTD 관측과 동시에 영양염의 분포 특성을 최대 500m 깊이까지 조사하였다. 수온${\cdot}$염분 및 용존산소로서 조사해역의 수괴는 동해표층저염수 (Low Saline Surface Water, LSSW), 대마난류표층수 (Tsushima Surface Water, TSW), 대마난류중층수 (Tsushima Middle Water, TMW), 북한한류수(North Korean Cold Water, NKCW) 및 동해고유수 (East Sea Proper Water, ESPW) 등의 5개 주수괴와 각 수괴들의 혼합수로 이루어졌다. 특히 조사해역의 남쪽 지점의 수심 $0\~30m$에서 출현한 동해표층저염수는 이 곳에 특별한 달수 공급원이 없는 것으로 보아 중국의 양자강 유출수가 유입된 것으로 판단된다. 산소 최대층은 조사해역 북쪽에서는 표층 근처에 나타나고 남쪽으로 갈수록 그 수심이 깊어졌으며 대마난류중층수의 특징인 용존산소 최소층은 남쪽 해역에서만 출현하였다. 영양염은 표층에서 낮고 수온약층에서 증가하여 동해고유수에서 최대이었다. 동해고유수에서 규산염과 인산염의 비 (Si/P ratio)가 13.63으로 이제까지 동해에서 보고된 수치에 비하여 매우 낮았는데 괴는 P가 수심에 따라 계속 증가하는 양상이었기 때문이다. 질산염과 인산염의 비 (N/P ratio)는 약 6.92로 대마난류표층수를 제외하고 질산염이 식물플랑크톤 성장의 제한 요소로 작용하고 있었다. N과 P는 양의 직선관계를 보였으나 Si와 P의 관계는 지수적 증가를 보여 규산염의 재생산 속도가 느림을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.285-289
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• 2004

Oceanographic observation and qualitative analysis for deep ocean water in the East Sea were carried out from January 2003 to January 2004, in order to understand the characteristics of deep sea water in the East Sea. Temporal and spatial variation of water masses were discussed from survey of the study area including the coastal sea of Kwangwon province in where the polar front mixing cold and warm water masses were formed. On the basis of the vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, water masses in the study area were divided into 5 major groups; (1) Low Saline Surface Water (LSSW) (2) Tsushima Surface water (TSW) (3) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW) (4) North Korea Cold Water (NKCW) and (5) East Sea Proper Water (ESPW). In winter, surface water in coastal sea of Kwangwaan Kosung region were dominated by North Korean Cold Water (NKCW). As Tsushima warm current were enforced in summer, various water masses were vertically emerged in study area, in order of TSW, TMW, NKCW and ESPW. It is highly possible that the LSSW which occurred at surface water of september is originated from influx of fresh water due to the seasonal rainy spell. Nevertheless water masses existed within surface water were seasonally varied, water quality characteristics of East Sea Proper Water (ESPW) under 300 m did not changed all the seasons of the year.