• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.912-923
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to validate the risk stratification system (RSS) and biopsy criteria for cervical lymph nodes (LNs) proposed by the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included a consecutive series of preoperative patients with thyroid cancer who underwent LN biopsy, ultrasound (US), and computed tomography (CT) between December 2006 and June 2015. LNs were categorized as probably benign, indeterminate, or suspicious according to the current US- and CT-based RSS and the size thresholds for cervical LN biopsy as suggested by the KSThR. The diagnostic performance and unnecessary biopsy rates were calculated. Results: A total of 277 LNs (53.1% metastatic) in 228 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 47.4 years ± 14) were analyzed. In US, the malignancy risks were significantly different among the three categories (all P < 0.001); however, CT-detected probably benign and indeterminate LNs showed similarly low malignancy risks (P = 0.468). The combined US + CT criteria stratified the malignancy risks among the three categories (all P < 0.001) and reduced the proportion of indeterminate LNs (from 20.6% to 14.4%) and the malignancy risk in the indeterminate LNs (from 31.6% to 12.5%) compared with US alone. In all image-based classifications, nodal size did not affect the malignancy risks (short diameter [SD] ≤ 5 mm LNs vs. SD > 5 mm LNs, P ≥ 0.177). The criteria covering only suspicious LNs showed higher specificity and lower unnecessary biopsy rates than the current criteria, while maintaining sensitivity in all imaging modalities. Conclusion: Integrative evaluation of US and CT helps in reducing the proportion of indeterminate LNs and the malignancy risk among them. Nodal size did not affect the malignancy risk of LNs, and the addition of indeterminate LNs to biopsy candidates did not have an advantage in detecting LN metastases in all imaging modalities.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2016

The airbag is a widely accepted device for occupant protection in the automotive industry. As the injuries induced by airbag deployment have become a critical issue, revisions to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 were required to create advanced airbags that can protect occupants of varying statures. In this paper, we developed a new low-risk deployment passenger airbag by adding the Passenger Protection Wrap (PPW). The PPW reduces the cushion impact force to the occupant in order to ensure pressure dispersion. A series of tests were conducted by using FMVSS 208 test procedures to demonstrate the proposed system. It was found that the system not only satisfied the injury criteria of FMVSS 208 but was also effective for protecting passengers of all sizes (male, small female, 3-year-old, 6-year-old).

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.775-788
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• 2008

In this study, the consumers were classified into Risk Avoidance Group, Enjoyment and Economy Group, Low Involving Group and High Involving Group by shopping propensity of the consumers and investigated the difference in their evaluation criteria and purchasing intention. The samples used in this study are 214 university students in Busan area who visited the internet shopping mall or had an experience to buy clothes through an internet. The purpose of this study is to identify how the internet university students' clothes shopping propensity and demographical factors affect the evaluation criteria and purchasing intention for clothes. And based on the results, the implications for internet clothes shopping mall are suggested and post research subject is provided as well.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

The overall goal of a safety based railroad system is either to eliminate hazards in designing or to minimize the possibility of it. In order to indicate system safety or low risk although it may not be possible to achieve zero risk conditions, first, it shall ensure that any disasters would occur due to system operation because the prescribed specifications are properly fulfilled and there are no failures of any kind. Second, the risk of faults or failures leading to a mishap must be eliminated or minimized by using fault-tolerance or fail-safe procedures. This paper will attempt to summarize the personal and social risk criterion at widely scattered points, presently used as a safety approach in all over EU, in order to establish the step by step procedures of the detailed standard for railway facilities. In addition, we present the new safety analysis method using the SIL-based evaluation standard and the Reachability Graph of the Petri Net.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2015

Background: Insomnia is becoming increasingly recognized as a clinically important symptom in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). In this retrospective study, we have determined risk factors associated with clinical insomnia in CLBP patients in a university hospital in Korea. Methods: Data from four-hundred and eighty one CLBP patients was analyzed in this study. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to determine the presence of clinical insomnia (ISI score ${\geq}15$). Patients' demographics and pain-related factors were evaluated by logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors of clinical insomnia in CLBP. Results: It was found that 43% of patients reported mild to severe insomnia after the development of back pain. In addition, 20% of patients met the criteria for clinically significant insomnia (ISI score ${\geq}15$). In a stepwise multivariate analysis, high pain intensity, the presence of comorbid musculoskeletal pain and neuropathic pain components, and high level of depression were strongly associated with clinical insomnia in CLBP. Among these factors, the presence of comorbid musculoskeletal pain other than back pain was the strongest determinant, with the highest odds ratio of 8.074 (95% CI 4.250 to 15.339) for predicting clinical insomnia. Conclusions: Insomnia should be addressed as an integral part of pain management in CLBP patients with these risk factors, especially in patients suffering from CLBP with comorbid musculoskeletal pain.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1999

Since binge eating is known to be related to increased risk of body weight fluctuations, it may be associated with increased health risks. This study was conducted to investigate the risks of binge eating on the cardiovascular system of female university students in Korea. Sixty-five female university students who were interested in a weight control program were recruited from a university campus. After personal interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire, 36 individuals were classified as binge eaters and 29 as non-binge eaters according to modified criteria of the proposed DSM-IV by the American Psychiatric Association(APA). All subjects participate in anthropometric and clinical measurements to evaluate the level of obesity and cardiovascular risks. Binge eating subjects showed no significant differences in obesity index compared to non-binge eating subjects. However, they had a higher level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a higher atherogenic index. They also showed close correlations with general obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Body mass index(BMI) was the main explanatory index related to cardiovascular risk factors according to the stepwise regression analysis. Furthermore, obese binge subjects had higher levels than non-obese binge subjects or non-binge subjects for total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, atherogenic index, and systolic blood pressure. The findings strongly suggest that obese young women having binge eating episodes might display a greater risk for cardiovascular disease tan that shown for obese non-binge eating women.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권12호
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• pp.4809-4818
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• 2022

The decommissioning project of a nuclear facility is a large-scale process that is expected to take about 15 years or longer. The range of risks to be considered is large and complex, then, it is expected that various risks will arise in decision-making by area during the project. Therefore, in this study, the risk family derived from the Decommissioning Risk Management (DRiMa) project was reconstructed into a decommissioning project risk profile suitable for the Kori Unit 1. Two criteria of uncertainty and importance are considered in order to prioritize the selected 26 risks of decommissioning project. The uncertainty is scored according to the relevant laws and decommissioning plan preparation guidelines, and the project importance is scored according to the degree to which it primarily affects the triple constraints of the project. The results of risks are divided into high, medium, and low. Among them, 10 risks are identified as medium level and 16 risks are identified as low level. 10 risks, which are medium levels, are classified in five categories: End state of decommissioning project, Management of waste and materials, Decommissioning strategy and technology, Legal and regulatory framework, and Safety. This study is a preliminary assessment of the risk of the decommissioning project that could be considered in the preparation stage. Therefore, we expect that the project risks considered in this study can be used as an initial data for reevaluation by reflecting the detail project progress in future studies.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2011

과거 홍수 방재에 관한 노력의 대부분은 대하천을 중심으로 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 경제의 발전과 더불어 레져 활동 영역이 산지유역으로 확대되면서 돌발홍수로 인한 인명사고의 발생이 빈번해졌고 이로인한 추가적인 방재 활동이 요구되고 있다. 그러므로 돌발홍수로 인한 인명 및 재산의 피해를 감소시키기 위하여 본 연구에서는 다양한 지표들을 고려하여 산지유역에서의 돌발홍수 발생 위험도를 평가하기 위한 새로운 기법을 개발하였다. 고려된 다양한 지표들의 돌발홍수 발생에 대한 기여도를 평가하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 다기준의사결정 기법의 하나인 프로메티(Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluations, PROMETHEE)를 이용하였으며, 평가 지표들로는 지역특성, 강우특성 및 지형특성 등이 선정되었다. 또한 이상의 평가지표들에 대한 상대적 가중치 산정을 위하여 엔트로피(Entropy) 기법이 이용되었다. 엔트로피 기법과 프로메티를 이용한 돌발홍수 위험도 평가기법은 그 적용성을 검증하기 위하여 봉화군 유역에 적용되었으며, 적용 결과 봉화군 유역 내 17개 소유역에 대하여 그 상대적 위험도가 평가되었다. 또한 17개 소유역은 그 결과에 따라 각각 5개, 7개, 5개의 고 중 저위험군으로 분류되었다. 또한 적용결과의 추가적인 검증을 위하여 과거 돌발홍수 피해 사례를 조사한 결과 고위험군으로 평가된 지역들 중 한 곳에서 2008년 돌발홍수가 발생했었음을 확인하였다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2001

목 적 : 최근 3개월 이하의 열이 나는 영아에서 특정 임상 경과나 검사실 소견으로 확인된 일부의 환자들은 심각한 세균 감염에 대해 저위험군에 속하며 이들은 외래 치료가 가능할 수도 있다고 한다. 본원 소아과에서는 원인 없이 열이 나는 생후 28일에서 90일 사이의 어린 영아들은 패혈증 의심하에 입원하여 세균성 원인이 아니라는 것이 밝혀질 때까지는 항생제를 투여하였다. 지난 1년 동안 원인 없이 열이 나서 입원 치료한 이 연령군의 영아들을 임상적으로 분석하여 앞으로 치료 방향에 도움을 얻고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 울산동강병원 소아과에 원인 없이 열이 나서(직장 체온${\geq}38^{\circ}C$) 패혈증 의심하에 입원 치료하였던 131례를 대상으로 성별분포, 계절분포, 원인질환, 발열기간 등을 후향적으로 검토하였다. 또한, 심각한 세균감염증에 대한 저위험군의 환아를 식별하기 위해 흔히 사용되는 기준인 개선된 Rochester criteria를 이용하여 대상환아들을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환아 131례 중 요로감염이 60례(45.8%)로서 가장 많았고, 무균성 뇌막염이 33례(25.2%), 균혈증 2례(1.5%), 특별한 진단명을 붙일 수 없는 예가 36례(27.5%)였다. 균혈증 2례의 원인균은 Staphylococcus aureus였다. Rochester criteria의 저위험군에 속하는 예가 57례(43.5%), 그렇지 않은 군에 속하는 예가 74례(56.5%)였으며, 요로감염은 저위험군, 그렇지 않은 군은 각각 43.8%, 47.3%, 무균성 뇌막염이 각각 28.1%, 23.0%, 특별한 진단명을 붙일 수 없는 예가 각각 28.1%, 27.0%로서 두 군간의 차이가 없어 Rochester criteria가 본 연구대상 환아들에게는 이들 질환을 구별할 수 있다는 결론을 얻지 못했다. 2례의 균혈증은 모두 저위험군이 아닌 군에 속해 있었다. 남아 85례, 여아 46례로서 남녀비가 1.8 : 1이였고, Rochester criteria에 의한 저위험군과 그렇지 않은 군의 남녀비는 1.9 : 1, 1.8 : 1오서 두 군간의 차이는 없었다. 봄철과 여름철에 각각 35.1%, 36.7% 발생하여 대다수를 차지하였고 무균성 뇌막염은 봄철 16례(48.5%), 여름철 13례(39.4%), 겨울철 4례(12.1%) 발생하였는데, 봄철에 발생한 환아 중 12례는 5월에, 여름철에 발생한 13례 중 12례는 6월에 발생하여 5월과 6월에 대부분 발생하였다. 항생제 투여 후 발열이 소실되는 기간이 48시간 이내에 61.8%, 72시간 이내가 83.2%로서 48~72시간 이내에 대부분의 열이 소실되었으며, Rochester criteria에 의한 저위험군과 그렇지 않은 군의 비교시 48시간 이내가 각각 54.4%, 67.6%, 72시간 이내가 각각 78.9%, 86.5%로서 두군간의 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 생후 28일에서 90일 사이의 원인 없이 열이 나는 어린 영아는 철저한 이학적 검사와 검사실 소견으로 저위험군에 속하는 경우 보호자가 잘 돌볼 능력이 있고 의사와 연락이 잘 되는 경우 외래 치료가 가능하겠으며, 소변 배양 검사는 채뇨백보다는 도뇨관 채뇨법이나 방광 천자로서 채취한 소변으로 검사를 실시해야 하겠다. 향후 좀 더 바람직한 치료방침을 정하기 위해서 전향적인 연구가 꼭 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.385-396
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• 2020

Teachers are facing various job demands with psychosocial aspects being fundamental due to the nature of the occupation. Although teachers' work is associated with different psychosocial health risks, little is known on how to identify and tackle those. Thus, a systematic literature search as per the PRISMA statement was conducted via MEDLINE (PubMed), PSYNDEX (PubPsych), and ScienceDirect. Two reviewers independently screened 2261 titles and abstracts and 169 full-texts. According to the inclusion criteria established a priori, articles from peer-reviewed journals (English or German) on psychosocial risk management in teachers were incorporated. Despite a comprehensive and sensitive search, only four publications could be identified, outlining a process to implement risk management and different assessment tools. Taken together, data presented in the articles were scarce. Recommendations for process steps and the assessment of psychosocial risks can be derived from the findings. To implement effective psychosocial risk management in the teaching profession, further research is needed, though. Effective and practicable approaches, which are accepted by the target group, should be further developed and investigated. Relevant causes of occupational strain in the teaching profession must be identified and assessed reliably. Low-threshold interventions should be implemented, and the outcome must be evaluated afterward.