• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.349-357
• /
• 1995

Purpose : To analyze survival rate and late rectal and bladder complication for patients with stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix treated by radiation alone or combined with chemotherapy Materials and Methods : Between November 1984 and December 1993, 127 patients with stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix treated by radiation alone or combined therapy of radiation and chemotherapy. Retrospective analysis for survival rate was carried out on eligible 107 patients and review for complication was possible in 91 patients. The median follow-up was 47 months (range 3-118) and the median age of patiens was 56 years (range 31-76). 26 patients were stage IB by FIGO classification, 40 were stage IIA and 41 were stage IIB. 86 cases were treated by radiation alone and 21 were treated by radiation and chemotherapy. 101 patients were treated with intracavitary radiation therapy (ICRT), of these, 80 were received low dose rate (LDR) ICRT and 21 were received high dose rate (HDR) ICRT. Of the patients who received LDR ICRT, 63 were treated by 1 intracavitary insertion and 17 were underwent 2 insertions And we evaluated the external radiation dose and midline shield. Results : Actuarial survival rate at 5 years was $92{\%}$ for stage IB, $75{\%}$ for stage IIA, $53{\%}$ for stage IIB and $69{\%}$ in all patients Grade 1 rectal complications were developed in 20 cases ($22{\%}$), grade 2 were in 22 cases ($24{\%}$). 22 cases ($24{\%}$) of grade 1 urinary complications and 17 cases ($19{\%}$) of grade 2 urinary complications were observed But no patient had severe complications that needed surgical management or admission care. Maximum bladder dose for the group of patients with urinary complications was higher than that for the patients without urinary complications (7608 cGy v 6960cGy. p<0.01) Maximum rectal dose for the group of patients with rectal complications was higher than that for the patients without rectal complications (7041cGy v 6269cGy, p<0.01). While there was no significant difference for survival rate or bladder complication incidence as a function of dose to whole pelvis, Grade 2 rectal complication incidence was significantly lower for the patients receiving less than 4500cGy ($6.3{\%}$ v $25.5{\%}$, p<0.05). There was no significant differance between HDR ICRT group and LDR ICRT group for survival rate according to stage, on the other hand complication incidence was higher in the HDR group than LDR group, This was maybe due to different prescription doses between HDR group and LDR group. Midline shield neither improved survival rate nor decreased complication rate. The number of insertion in LDR ICRT group did not affect on survival and compication rate. Conclusion : In stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix there was no significant differance for 5 year survival rate by radiation therapy technique. Rectal complication incidence was as a function of dose to whole pelvis and there were positive correlations of maximum dose of rectum and bladder and each complication incidence. So we recommand whole pelvis dose less than 4500cGy and maximum dose of rectum and bladder as low as possible.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.228-239
• /
• 1999

In 1990 Home Care Education Programs started when legislation established certification for Home Care Nurses. The Ministry of Health and Welfare proposed a home care education curriculum which has 352 class hours and 248 hours of 'family nursing and practice'. Though Home Care Education Programs have been offered in 11 home care educational institutes, there has been no formal revision for the home care education programs. Also a first and second home care demonstration projects have been carried out, but there has been no research on outcomes for home care education as applied in home care practice. The purposes of this study were to identify the important content areas for home care nursing as perceived by home care nurses, and to identify their clinical competence in each of these areas, and from these to identify the education needs. The sample was 107 home care nurses who were working in home care demonstration hospitals and community-based institutions which have been offering home care services. Responses were received from 88 nurses, comprising a 82.2% return rate, and 86 were included in the final analysis. The instrument used was a modification of the instrument developed by Caie-Lawrence et(1995) and Moon's(1991) instrument on home care knowledge. The instrument's Cronbach's coefficient was 0.982. Among the respondents, 64% were working at home care demonstration hospitals and 36% were working at community-based institutions. Their home care experiences were from one month to six years, with a mean of 20.6 months. The importance rating for home care education content was 3.42 0.325, which means importance was rated relatively high. Technical aspects of home care were identified the most important. Five items 'education skill', 'counseling skill', 'interview skill', 'wound care skill', 'bed sore care skill' received 100% importance ratings. The competency rating was 2.87 0.367 and 'technical aspects of home care' was the highest, and 'application to home care skill' was the lowest. Home care nurses' education needs were identified and compared to the importance ratings and competency ratings. Eleven items were identified as the highest in the importance areas and eleven items were in the lowest competency areas. High importance ratings matched with low competency ratings determined training needs, but there was no matching items in this study. In the lowest competency areas four items were excluded, because of not being applicable in current home care practice. Therefore total eighteen items were identified as home care education needs. These items are 'bed sore care skill', 'malpractice', 'wound care skill', 'general infection control', 'change and management of tracheostomy tubes', 'CVA patient care', 'Hospice care', 'pain management', 'urinary catheterization and management', 'L-tube insertion and managements', 'Respirator use and management skill', 'infant care', 'prevention to burnout', 'child assessment', 'CAPD', 'infant assessment', 'computer literacy', and 'psychiatry patient care'.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.341-350
• /
• 1997

We have now constructed a novel recombinant baculovirus producing fusion protein with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) polyhedrin and Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cryIA(c) crystal protein. The fusion protein expressed by the recombinant baculovirus in insect cells was characterized. The N-terminal of cryIA(c) gene of Bt subsp. kurstaki HD-73 was introduced under the control of polyhedrin gene promoter of AcNPV, by fusion in the front of intact polyhedrin gene or by insertion into the HindIII site in polyhedrin gene. The recombinant baculoviruses were named as BtrusI or BtrusII, respectively. Although single transcript from the fusion protein gene was apparently observed. BtrusI was produced the two proteins, 92 kDa fusion protein and only polyhedrin. In addition, fusion protein produced by BtrusI did not form polyhedra. Interestingly, however, the cells infected with BtrusII did not show a 33 kDa polyhedrin band as a cells infected with BtrusI. Cells infected with BtrusII were only produced fusion protein, but the polyhedra formed by fusion protein was not observed. To determine the insecticidal toxicity of fusion protein, therefore, Sf9 cells infected with BtrusI were inoculated to Bombyx mori larvae. Sf9 cells infected with BtrusI that expressed the fusion protein caused larval mortality although the insecticidal toxicity was low. In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrated that the fusion protein with polyhedrin and Bt cryIA(c) crystal protein have a insecticida toxicity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.45 no.10
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2008

We design and fabricate the 94 GHz Coplanar waveguide(CPW)-to-rectangular waveguide transition that is transmits signal smoothly between the CPW, which is a popular transmission line of the planar circuits, and rectangular waveguide for the 94 GHz transceiver system. The proposed transition composed of the unilateral fin-line taper and open type CPW-to-slot-line transition is based on the hard and inflexible sapphire for the flip-chip bonding of the planar MMICs using conventional MMIC technology. We optimize a single section transition to achieve low loss by using an EM field solver of Ansoft's HFSS and fabricate the back- to-back transition that is measured by Anritsu ME7808A Vector Network Analyzer in a frequency range of $85{\sim}105$ GHz. From the measurement and do-embedding CPW with 3 mm length, an insertion and return loss of a single-section transition are 1.7 dB and more an 25 than at 94 GHz, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.627-636
• /
• 1993

Anionic acrylic resin utilizing macromer(TBMA-g-MMA) copolymer was synthesized by preparing (TBMA) macromer using anionic living polymerization, followed by graft copolymerization with MMA macromer. To control the anionic site content in graft copolymer, the relative composition((TBMA) macromer/MMA ratio) of the graft copolymer was controlled at 7/3, 10/90, 15/85, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50 in weight content. In the course of anionic living polymerization of(TBMA) macromer, broad molecular weight distribution (1.4~1.5) was obtained by using n-butyllithium-diphenyethylene initiatior system at $-78^{\circ}C$. To introduce the double bond at the end of chain in termination step, methacryloyl chloride was reacted after insertion of benzaldehyde as capping material. Moreover, TBMA parts in graft copolymer were hydrolyzed in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyst, and neutralization of graft copolymer with triethylamine was granted acrylic resin to anionic site. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of(TBMA) macromer were determined by GPC, and the hydrolysis of TBMA with neutralization of acrylic resin were determined by IR and NMR. From water dispersion and stability point of view, stable dispersion state appeared at low molecular weight(TBMA) macromer with a small TBMA content as a result of scrutiny about the relation to TBMA content and branch length for(TBMA) macromer molecular weight in graft copolymer.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.17 no.2 s.105
• /
• pp.89-94
• /
• 2006

A compact microstrip band-selective filter for ultra-wideband(UWB) radio system is proposed. The filter combines the traditional short-circuited stub highpass filter and coupled resonator band-stop filter on both sides of the mitered 50-ohm microstrip line. To realize the pseudo-highpass filtering characteristic over UWB frequency band(3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz), a distributed highpass filter scheme is adopted. Three coupled resonators are utilized to obtain the band stop function at the desired frequency band. By meandering the coupled resonators, there is $29\;\%$ size reduction in footprint compared to the traditional band-stop filter using L-shaped resonators. The measured results show that the filter has a wide passband of $146.7\;\%$(2.1 GHz to 10.15 GHz) with low insertion loss and the stop band of $10.04\;\%$(5.2 GHz to 5.75 GHz) for 3-dB bandwidth. The measured group delay is less than 0.7 ns within the passband except the rejection band.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.227-247
• /
• 2015

An X-band $8{\times}16$ dual-polarized active phased array antenna system has been implemented based on the substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) technology having low propagation loss, complete EM shielding, and high power handling characteristics. Compared with the microstrip case, 1 dB less is the measured insertion loss(0.65 dB) of the 16-way SIW power distribution network and doubled(3 dB improved) is the measured radiation efficiency(73 %) of the SIW sub-array($1{\times}16$) antenna element. These significant improvements of the power division loss and the radiation efficiency using the SIW, save more than 30 % of the total power consumption, in the active phased array antenna systems, through substantial reduction of the maximum output power(P1 dB) of the high power amplifiers. Using the X-band $8{\times}16$ dual-polarized active phased array antenna system fabricated by the SIW technology, the main radiation beam has been steered by 0, 5, 9, and 18 degrees in the accuracy of 2 degree maximum deviation by simply generating the theoretical control vectors. Performing thermal cycle and vacuum tests, we have found that the SIW array antenna system be eligible for the space environment qualification. We expect that the high efficiency SIW array antenna system be very effective for high performance radar systems, massive MIMO for 5G mobile systems, and various millimeter-wave systems(60 GHz WPAN, 77 GHz automotive radars, high speed digital transmission systems).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.123-134
• /
• 1991

Twenty eight patients had undergone repair of an isolated complete atrioventricular septal defect between April 1986 and September 1990 in Seoul National University Children`s Hospital. The group comprised 13 male and 15 female patients. They ranged in age from 2 months to 8 years[mean 18.6months] and in weight from 3. 4kg to 23kg[mean 9.0$\pm$4.6kg]. They were analysed as Rastelli type A in 17 patients, Rastelli type B in 2 patients, and Rastelli type C in 9 patients. Seven patients had concomitant Down`s syndrome. All patients had large left-to-right shunt[mean pulmonary to systemic flow ratio 3.5 $\pm$2.2 ranging from 0.68 to 10.0] and high pulmonary systolic pressure[mean 74$\pm$18.8mmHg, ranging from 35 to 110]. In 11 patients, one patch technique was used to close the atrial and ventricular septal defect and 16 patients were undergone by two patch technique. We urgently managed only one patient by pulmonary artery banding whose anatomy was Rastelli type C and severe mitral regurgitation was identified. Postoperative complete A - V block was noted in 3 patients, two of whom were dead in operating room due to combined LVOTO and myocardial failure, and one patient with Rastelli type C was undergone by VVI type permanent pacemaker insertion 1wk later after two patch technique, but we had to manage him by modified Konno operation and total correction due to LVOTO and VSD leakage and severe mitral regurgitation 3 years later. Another two reoperation cases due to severe mitral regurgitation after two patch technique were undergone, one of whom we managed by mitral annuloplasty 3 months later but aggravated mitral regurgitation made us to control him by MVR 3 months later. Another one case of VSD leakage and tricuspid regurgitation was managed by total correction but she died of respiratory insufficiency 14 days later. We experienced pulmonary hypertensive crisis in 3 patients, who were dead in two cases comparing with one control case. So operative mortality is 9/27[33.6%], in one patch group of 3/11[29.2%] comparing with two patch group of 6/16[37.5%]. In summary, causes of death were pump weaning failure, myocardial failure and low cardiac output syndrome and pulmonary hypertensive crisis, resp. failure, complete AV block. Mean follow up period is 15.8$\pm$10.7 months[ranging from 3months to 37 months]

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2000

We have studied to obtain the frequency characteristics of the Surface Acoustic Wave(SAW) bandpass filter, having low shape factor, it's interdigital transducer(IDT) was formed on the 35° Y-cut X-propagation Quartz substrate and was evaporated by Aluminium. And then, we performed computer-simulation by a simulator. And, we can design that the apodization weighted type IDT as an input transducer of the filter and the withdrawal weighted type IDT as an output transducer of the filter from the results of our computer-simulation. Also, we have employed that the number of pairs of the input and output IDT are 2200 pairs and 1000pairs, respectively and used the Kaiser-Bessel window function in order to minimize the effect of ripple. And, while the width and the space of IDT's finger are 6㎛ m and 5.75㎛, respectively and we could obtain the resonable results when the IDT thickness was 6000Å in consideration of the ratio of SAW's wavelength, and IDT aperture is 2mm. Frequency response of the fabricated SAW bandpass filter has the property that the center frequency is about 70MHz, shape factor is less than 1.3, bandwidth at the 1.5dB is probably 1.3MHz, out-band attenuation is almost -45dB, insertion loss is 19dB and ripple in the width of bandpass is 1dB approximately. Therefore, these frequency characteristics of the fabricated SAW bandpass filter are agreed well with the designed values.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.486-493
• /
• 2010

This article introduces a novel ultra wideband(UWB) bandpass filter(BPF) with sharp roll-off characteristics in stripline structure. The UWB characteristic is basically obtained from capacitive coupled cross resonator. The resonator has ${\lambda}/2$ length. And at the center of the resonator, two stubs are loaded, one is a ${\lambda}/8$ short-circuited stub and the other is a ${\lambda}/8$ open-circuited stub. The two stubs provide two attenuation poles at lower and upper cutoff frequencies. For input and output lines, two identical capacitively coupled lines have been installed to suppress the unwanted signals in the lower and upper stopbands. The filter has been designed for the U.S. UWB band(3.1~10.6 GHz) with two transmission zeros at 2.4 and 11.1 GHz. The filter has been realized with Low Temperature Core-fired Ceramic(LTCC) green tape which has the dielectric constant of 7.8. Measurement results agree well with HFSS simulation results. Insertion loss less than 0.7 dB and return loss better than 14 dB in the pass band have been measured. The group delay in the center frequency is 0.27 ns and the group delay variation within pass band is less than 0.5 ns. The size of the filter is $6{\times}18{\times}0.6\;mm^3$.