• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

Geotechnical parameter estimation is critical to the design, performance, safety, and cost and schedule management in Tunnel Boring Machine projects. Since these parameters vary within a certain range, relying on mean values for evaluation introduces significant risks to the project. Due to the non-homogeneous characteristics of geological formation, data may not exhibit a normal distribution and the presence of outliers might be deceptive. Therefore, the use of reliable analyses and simulation models is inevitable in the course of the data evaluation process. Advanced modeling techniques enable comprehensive analysis of the project data and allowing to model the uncertainty in geotechnical parameters. This study involves using Monte Carlo Simulation method to predict probabilistic distributions of field data, and therefore, establish a basis for designs and in turn to minimize project risks. In the study, 166 sets of geotechnical data Obtained from 35 boreholes including Standard Penetration Test, Limit Pressure, Liquid Limit, and Plastic Limit values, which are mostly utilized parameters in estimating project requirements, were used to estimate the geotechnical data distribution of the study field. In this context, firstly, the data was subjected to multi-parameter linear regression and variance analysis. Then, the obtained equations were implemented into a Monte Carlo Simulation, and probabilistic distributions of the geotechnical data of the field were simulated and corresponding to the 90% probability range, along with the minimum and maximum values at the 5% probability levels presented. Accordingly, while the average SPT N30 value is 42.86, but the highest occurrence rate is 50.81. For Net Limit Pressure, the average field data is 17.07 kg/cm², with the maximum occurrence between 9.6 kg/cm² and 13.7 kg/cm². Similarly, the average Plastic Limit value is 22.32, while the most probable value is 20.6. The average Liquid Limit value is 56.73, with the highest probability at 54.48, as indicated in the statistical data distribution. Understanding the percentage distribution of data likely to be encountered in the project allows for accurate forecasting of both high and low probability scenarios, offering a significant advantage, particularly in ordering TBM requirements.

• 청정기술
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2013

본 연구의 목표는 폐자원인 굴패각과 석탄회, 굴착잔토를 이용하여 경제성 있는 무다짐용 유동성 뒷채움재를 개발하는데 있다. 굴패각을 생석회(CaO)로 전환하는데 고온($800^{\circ}C$ 이상)의 에너지가 필요하였지만, 생석회와 석탄회의 포즐란 반응에 의해 생성된 고화물 공시체의 일축압축강도는 높지 않았다. 생석회와 고령토 또는 고로슬래그의 반응 생성물 공시체의 압축 강도를 측정하였다. 실험결과로부터 포즐란 반응을 통한 고화물 생성은 경제성이 없는 것으로 판명되었다. 굴패각($CaCO_3$)과 석탄회를 잔골재 개념으로 그 사용 가능성을 검토하였다. 굴패각과 시멘트 혼합물이 석탄회와 시멘트 혼합물보다 높은 강도를 나타내었다. 굴패각에 포함된 염분으로 인하여 콘크리트에 혼입되는 굴패각 양을 제한하는 것을 고려한다면, 시멘트, 굴패각, 석탄회 혼합물이 좋은 뒷채움재로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 추가적으로 흙을 첨가하는 경우 고화물의 일축압축강도가 감소하였지만 최적화된 혼합비에서 뒷채움재 기준(일축압축강도와 유동성)을 모두 만족하는 결과를 나타내었다. 본 연구결과는 시멘트, 굴패각, 석탄회, 굴착잔토의 배합비를 최적화함으로써 경제성 있는 뒷채움재를 개발할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2023

CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) 알고리즘은 인공신경망 구현에 활용되는 대표적인 알고리즘으로 기존 FNN(Fully connected multi layered Neural Network)의 문제점인 연산의 급격한 증가와 낮은 객체 인식률을 개선하였다. 그러나 IT 기기들의 급격한 발달로 최근 출시된 스마트폰 및 태블릿의 카메라에 촬영되는 이미지들의 최대 해상도는 108MP로 약 1억 8백만 화소이다. 특히 CNN 알고리즘은 고해상도의 단순 이미지를 학습 및 처리에 많은 비용과 시간이 요구된다. 이에 본 논문에서는 고해상도 단순 이미지의 객체 분류 학습모델 구현을 위한 개선된 CNN 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 고해상도의 이미지들의 학습모델 생성 시간을 감소하기 위해 CNN 알고리즘의 풀링계층의 Max Pooling 알고리즘 연산을 위한 인접 행렬 값을 변경한다. 변경한 행렬 값마다 4MP, 8MP, 12MP의 고해상도 이미지들의 처리할 수 있는 학습 모델들을 구현한다. 성능평가 결과, 제안하는 알고리즘의 학습 모델의 생성 시간은 12MP 기준 약 36.26%의 감소하고, 학습 모델의 객체 분류 정확도와 손실률은 기존 모델 대비 약 1% 이내로 오차 범위 안에 포함되어 크게 문제가 되지 않는다. 향후 본 연구에서 사용된 학습 데이터보다 다양한 이미지 종류 및 실제 사진으로 학습 모델을 구현한 실질적인 검증이 필요하다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.96-110
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• 2024

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are green energy conversion devices, for which commercial markets have been established, owing to their application in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Development of cathode electrocatalysts, replacing commercial Pt/C, plays a crucial role in factors such as cost reduction, high performance, and durability in FCVs. PtNi octahedral catalysts are promising for oxygen reduction reactions owing to their significantly higher mass activity (10-15 times) than that of Pt/C; however, their application in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) is challenged by their low stability. To overcome this durability issue, various approaches, such as third-metal doping, composition control, halide treatment, formation of a Pt layer, annealing treatment, and size control, have been explored and have shown promising improvements in stability in rotating disk electrode (RDE) testing. In this review, we aimed to compare the features of each strategy in terms of enhancing stability by introducing a stability improvement factor for a direct and reasonable comparison. The limitations of each strategy for enhancing stability of PtNi octahedral are also described. This review can serve as a valuable guide for the development of strategies to enhance the durability of octahedral PtNi.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.170-184
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• 2024

With the advancement of autonomous navigation technology in maritime domain, there is an active research on swarming Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) that can fulfill missions with low cost and high efficiency. In this study, we propose a formation control algorithm that maintains a certain shape when multiple unmanned surface vehicles operate in a swarm. In the case of swarming, individual USVs need to be able to accurately follow the target state and avoid collisions with obstacles or other vessels in the swarm. In order to generate guidance commands for swarm formation control, the potential field method has been a major focus of swarm control research, but the method using the potential field only uses the position information of obstacles or other ships, so it cannot effectively respond to moving targets and obstacles. In situations such as the formation change of a swarm of ships, the formation control is performed in a dense environment, so the position and velocity information of the target and nearby obstacles must be considered to effectively change the formation. In order to overcome these limitations, this paper applies a method that considers relative velocity to the potential field-based guidance law to improve target following and collision avoidance performance. Considering the relative velocity of the moving target, the potential field for nearby obstacles is newly defined by utilizing the concept of Velocity Obstacle (VO), and the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method is verified through swarm control simulation, and swarm control experiments using a small scaled unmanned surface vehicle platform.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.1.1-1.6
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• 2016

Background: Genotype imputation is an important process of predicting unknown genotypes, which uses reference population with dense genotypes to predict missing genotypes for both human and animal genetic variations at a low cost. Machine learning methods specially boosting methods have been used in genetic studies to explore the underlying genetic profile of disease and build models capable of predicting missing values of a marker. Methods: In this study strategies and factors affecting the imputation accuracy of parent-offspring trios compared from lower-density SNP panels (5 K) to high density (10 K) SNP panel using three different Boosting methods namely TotalBoost (TB), LogitBoost (LB) and AdaBoost (AB). The methods employed using simulated data to impute the un-typed SNPs in parent-offspring trios. Four different datasets of G1 (100 trios with 5 k SNPs), G2 (100 trios with 10 k SNPs), G3 (500 trios with 5 k SNPs), and G4 (500 trio with 10 k SNPs) were simulated. In four datasets all parents were genotyped completely, and offspring genotyped with a lower density panel. Results: Comparison of the three methods for imputation showed that the LB outperformed AB and TB for imputation accuracy. The time of computation were different between methods. The AB was the fastest algorithm. The higher SNP densities resulted the increase of the accuracy of imputation. Larger trios (i.e. 500) was better for performance of LB and TB. Conclusions: The conclusion is that the three methods do well in terms of imputation accuracy also the dense chip is recommended for imputation of parent-offspring trios.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2011

The PHENIX Experiment is the largest of the four experiments that have taken data at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. PHENIX, the Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment, is designed specifically to measure direct probes of the collisions such as electrons, muons, and photons. The primary goal of PHENIX is to discover and study a new state of matter called the Quark-Gluon Plasma. Among many particles, muons coming from W-boson decay gives us key information to analyze the spin of proton. Resistive plate chambers are proposed as a suitable solution as a muon trigger because of their fast response and good time resolution, flexibility in signal readout, robustness and the relatively low cost of production. The RPC detectors for upgrade were assembled and their performances were evaluated. The procedure to make the detectors better was optimized and described in detail in this thesis. The code based on ROOT was written and by using this the performance of the detectors made was evaluated, and all of the modules for north muon arm met the criteria and installation at PHENIX completed in November 2009. As RPC detectors that we made showed fast response, capacity of covering wide area with a resonable price and good spatial resolution, this will give the opportunity for applications, such as diagnosis and customs inspection system.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2016

With the recent increase in size of ships and offshore structures, there are more demand for thicker plates. As the thickness increases, it is known that fatigue life of the structures decrease. To improve the fatigue life, post weld treatments techniques, such as toe grinding, TIG dressing and hammer peening, are typically employed. However, these techniques require additional construction time and production cost. Therefore, it is of crucial interest steels with longer fatigue crack growth life compared to conventional steels. This study investigates fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) behaviours of conventional EH36 steel and Ferrite-Bainite dual phase EH36 steel (F-B steel). F-B steel is known to have improved fatigue performance associated with the existence of two different phases. Ferrite-Bainite dual phase microstructures are obtained by special thermo mechanical control process (TMCP). FCGR behaviours are investigated by a series of constant stress-controlled FCGR tests. Considering all test conditions (ambient, low temperature, high stress ratio), it is shown that FCGR of F-B steel is slower than that of conventional EH36 steel. From the tensile tests and impact tests, F-B steel exhibits higher values of strength and impact energy leading to slower FCGR.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2016

위성항법시스템 (GPS; global positioning system)은 도심지의 빌딩이나 터널, 고가도로와 같은 지형적 환경에 의해 전파 수신이 어려워지면 가시 위성의 개수가 급격히 줄어들어 위치오차가 매우 커지거나 측위가 불가능하게 된다. 특히 수직 위치오차는 GPS의 기하학적 배치에 의한 한계로 인하여 수평오차보다 약 1.5 배 이상 크며 혹독한 신호 환경에서는 수평오차보다 더욱 크게 증가하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 GPS의 수직오차 개선을 위해 GPS와 저가형 기압 고도계의 결합 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법은 기압 고도계에 의하여 제공된 기압 고도 측정치에 해면기압과 해면온도에 의한 보상치와 지오이드고를 적용시킨 후 칼만필터에 의하여 GPS 고도와 기압 고도를 융합하는 특징을 가진다. 정적 실험과 차량 실험을 통하여 제안된 기압 고도계와 GPS의 융합 방식의 정확도를 평가하였다. 그 결과 제안된 방법이 고도 정보의 정확도를 크게 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.218-222
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• 2009

In this paper, we present a CPW-based 77 GHz 3-stage power amplifier MMIC for automotive radar systems. The power amplifier MMIC has been realized using a 130 nm $In_{0.88}$GaP/$In_{0.4}$AlAs/$In_{0.4}$GaAs metamorphic high-electron mobility transistors(mHEMTs) technology and an output stage with a cascode configuration. This produced a good output power and gain performance at 77 GHz. The fabricated power amplifier MMIC exhibited a small-signal gain of 18 dB, an output power of 17 dBm and 9 % power added efficiency(PAE) at 77 GHz with a total gate width of 800 ${\mu}m$ in the output stage. These performances could be useful to low-cost and small-sized components for 77 GHz automotive radar systems.