• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 방송법 개정 및 디지털 텔레비전 방송 음량 기술 기준 시행에 따라 주요 방송 채널들을 대상으로 시행 전후의 방송음량 변화를 측정하고 분석하였다. 분석 결과 시행 전에는 측정 대상인 모든 방송 채널들이 기술기준보다 높은 음량 레벨로 방송을 하였으나, 시행 후에는 측정한 방송 채널 프로그램들의 대부분이 기술기준에서 제시하는 음량 레벨을 유지하여 기술기준에 적합했으며, 음량의 표준편차 역시 낮아진 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 일부 프로그램들은 기술기준에 부적합하여 이의 시정이 요구되며, 측정 방법의 개선을 위한 추가 연구의 필요성도 제시되었다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1432-1436
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• 2006

Feasibility of optimizing Zwicker's loudness has been shown by using MSC/NASTRAN, SYSNOISE, and a semi-analytical design sensitivity by Wang and Kang. Design sensitivity analysis of Zwicker's loudness is developed by using ANSYS, COMET, and an adjoint variable method in order to reduce computation. A numerical example shows significant reduction of computation time for design sensitivity analysis.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2000

라우드니스(loudness)는 음질 평가에 있어서 가장 중요한 음질 인자로 간주되고 있고, 그 계산을 위해 정상음에 대한 국제규격도 마련되어 있다. 본 연구에서는, 이의 일반화를 위해 라우드니스 계산 모델에 과도음 해석 과정을 포함한 새로운 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 과도 신호의 대역 분할 및 대역별 음압 레벨 변화 예측을 위한 신호 처리 기법과 과도 음에 대한 청각 반응을 모델링한 포스트 마스킹(post-masking) 및 라우드니스 시간 적분 모델이 도입되었다. 또한 순음의 라우드니스 해석에서 기존 라우드니스 모델이 갖고 있는 신호 해석상의 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 임계 대역폭의 1/2 간격으로 배치된 총 47개의 임계 대역 필터를 이용하였다. 제안된 모델의 유효성을 확인하기 위하여 기존의 임상 실험 결과 비교하였고, 예측치와 임상치는 아주 좋은 일치 경향을 가짐을 확인하였다.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2007

This study examined the aerodynamic functions (mean airflow rate MFR, subglottal pressure Psub) and closed quotients (CQs) in the fixed pitch (C3, E3, G3, C4) with the variable loudness (70 and 80 dB) as well as in the fixed loudness at 70 dB and 80 dB with the variable pitch (C3, E3, G3, C4) in five classic male singers (Baritone). Results showed that MFR significantly increased at C3, E3, and G3 and Psub significantly increased at C4 when the loudness increased from 70 to 80 dB. At 70 dB, MFR and Psub significantly increased and CQ significantly decreased when the pitch increased from C3 to C4. At 80 dB, MFR significantly decreased when the pitch increased from C3 to G3. However, Psub showed the significant decrease with the pitch increased at 80 dB. In conclusion, as the loudness increases, the aerodynamic loss is getting higher and vocal efficiency becomes lower at low pitch than at higher pitch. At a low loudness level, the main mechanism to control loudness is the amount of medial compression of the vocal folds rather than the aerodynamic function. In addition, the aerodynamic function and medial compression of the vocal folds have a significant role in increasing the loudness level.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2000년도 춘계 학술대회 및 국제 감성공학 심포지움 논문집 Proceeding of the 2000 Spring Conference of KOSES and International Sensibility Ergonomics Symposium
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• pp.138-143
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• 2000

In order to investigate the relationship between fabric sound parameters and subjective sensation, each sound from 60 fabrics was recorded and analyzed by Fast Fourier transform. Level pressure of total sound (LPT), three coefficients (ARC, ARF, ARE) of auto regressive models, loudness (Z), and sharpness (Z) by Zwickers model were estimated as sound parameters. For subjective evaluation, seven sensation (softness, loudness, sharpness, clearness, roughness, highness, and pleasantness) was rated by both semantic differential scale (SDS) and free modulus magnitude estimation (FMME). As the results, the ARC values were positively proportional to both LPT and loudness (Z) values. In both of SDS and FMME, softness, clearness, and pleasantness were negatively correlated with loudness, sharpness, roughness, and highness. In regression models, softness and clearness by FMME were negatively affected by LPT뭉 ARC, while loudness, sharpness, roughness, and highness were positively expected. Regression models for pleasantness showed low values for R2.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2006

The effects of the additional visual and auditory stimuli on the loudness evaluation of road traffic noise was investigated by the method of magnitude estimation. As a result, it was shown that additional visual stimulus of noise barrier can influence on the loudness perception of road traffic noise. Also, additional auditory stimuli such as green music or sound of flowing water can influence on the loudness perception of road traffic noise, approximately 5~10% lower than the absence of stimuli. But this effect was disappeared in the range of over 65dB(A).

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.970-973
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• 2006

The effects of the additional visual and auditory stimuli on the loudness evaluation of road traffic noise was investigated by the method of magnitude estimation. As a result, it was shown that additional visual stimulus of noise barrier can influence on the loudness perception of road traffic noise. Also, additional auditory stimuli such as green music or sound of flowing water can influence on the loudness perception of road traffic noise. approximately $5{\sim}10%$ lower than the absence of stimuli. But this effect was disappeared in the range of over 65dB(A).

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1994년도 FIFTH WESTERN PACIFIC REGIONAL ACOUSTICS CONFERENCE SEOUL KOREA
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• pp.1070-1075
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• 1994

This paper describes the method for designing loudness ratings as transmission quality for ISDN telephone connected to fully digital network. To design the desirable loudness ratings for ISDN telephone, the model system of digital speech communication for subjective test is developed and opinion tests for establishing the optimal CODEC input level, the range of overall loudness rating, and sidetone masking rating are performed. As the results, the desirable ranges of loudness ratings are proposed as 6 to 8dB for sending, 0 to 2dB for receiving, and 10 to 14dB for sidetone masking rating.

• 감성과학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 심한 소음으로 불쾌감을 주는 스포츠웨어용 PTFE 라미네이팅 투습발수 직물 8종을 대상으로 직물 마찰음의 심리음향학적 특성을 고찰하고, 심리음향학적 특성에 영향을 미치는 직물의 기본 특성과 역학적 특성 간의 관계를 파악함으로써, 직물의 심리음향학적 마찰음을 낮출 수 있는 변인을 찾아내고자 하였다. 직물 마찰음 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 녹음한 직물의 소리에서 Zwicker의 파라미터인 심리음향학적 크기(loudness(Z)), 날카로움(sharpness(Z)), 거칠기(roughness(Z)), 그리고 변동강도(fluctuation strength(Z))를 계산한 뒤, 소리특성에 대한 사후검정 결과에 따라 시료를 덜 시끄러운 PTFE 필름 그룹과 더 시끄러운 PTFE 필름 그룹으로 나누어 마찰음의 심리음향학적 특성과 직물의 역학적 특성, 기본특성간의 관계를 고찰하였다. 심리음향학적 특성 중 loudness(Z)만이 시료의 마찰음과 유의한 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 분석 결과 직물의 기본 특성에서는 layer가 얇고 필라멘트사를 사용한 직물의 마찰음이 덜 시끄럽게 인지되는 것으로 나타났으며, 직물 마찰음의 심리음향학적 크기에 영향을 미치는 주요변수로는 layer로 것으로 나타났다. 마찰음이 작은 PTFE 필름 그룹의 경우 전단 방향으로의 변형이 어려울수록 마찰음이 시끄나타났다. 시끄러운 마찰음을 갖는 PTFE 필름 그룹의 경우 심리음향학적 크기에 영향을 미치는 주요 변수로 전단이력이 설명 변인으로 포함되었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2012

This study was designed to examine comfort levels of pitch and loudness with target matching and their effects on electroglottographic (EGG) and acoustic measures. Twelve speakers, six males and six females, were instructed to produce /a/ sustained vowel for three seconds at a comfortable pitch and loudness level without any instruction and with a target matching procedure of either a certain f0 or SPL separately with visual and auditory feedback. The range of pitch for females and males were presented by progressing up and down randomly at intervals of 5Hz from 150 Hz to 310 Hz (total 33 frequency targets) and from 85 Hz to 190 Hz (total 22 frequency targets), respectively. The loudness levels were 65, 75, 85, 95 dB (total of four intensity targets) for both males and females. Subjective estimations of comfortable levels were obtained using a 10-point equal-appearing interval rating scale following each phonation. The results showed that males and females demonstrated similar trends in loudness levels with greatest comfort at 75 dB, whereas pitch comfort ratings showed a greater variability with females having a wider range with target matching. In the comfort levels of individuals, most male and female speakers rated higher comfort at soft, rather than loud phonations. On the other hand, most male speakers perceived highest comfort levels below the comfort pitch levels they phonated under natural conditions. Higher frequency ranges, however, were perceived to be more comfortable than those of natural condition in most female speakers, although the comfortable pitch levels in spontaneous phonations were within the comfort level ranges determined by targeted phonations. When comparing acoustic (%jitter, %shimmer, SNR) and EGG measures (CQ%) between spontaneous comfortable phonations and targeted phonations produced by the same subject at similar f0 and intensity, no significant differences were observed (p>0.05). Thus, target matching procedures may be considered a compatible and alternative method to reduce the variability of comfortable pitch and loudness levels by eliciting consistent comfortable phonations.