• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1261-1268
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• 2013

This study proposes a voltage and reactive coordinative control strategy with distributed generator (DG) in a distribution power system. The aim is to determine the optimum dispatch schedules for an on-load tap changer (OLTC), distributed generator settings and all shunt capacitor switching on the load and DG generation profile in a day. The proposed method minimizes the real power losses and improves the voltage profile using squared deviations of bus voltages. The results indicate that the proposed method reduces the real losses and voltage fluctuations and improve receiving power factor. This paper proposes coordinated voltage and reactive power control methods that adjust optimal control values of capacitor banks, OLTC, and the AVR of DGs by using a voltage sensitivity factor (VSF) and dynamic programming (DP) with branch-and-bound (B&B) method. To avoid the computational burden, we try to limit the possible states to 24 stages by using a flexible searching space at each stage. Finally, we will show the effectiveness of the proposed method by using operational cost of real power losses and voltage deviation factor as evaluation index for a whole day in a power system with distributed generators.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2008

This paper describes the secant method for solving the economic dispatch (ED) problem with generator constraints and transmission losses. The ED problem is an important optimization problem in the economic operation of a power system. The proposed algorithm involves selection of minimum and maximum incremental costs (lambda values) and then the evaluation of optimal lambda at required power demand is done by secant method. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a power system having 6, 15, and 40 generating units. Studies have been made on the proposed method to solve the ED problem by taking 120 and 200 units with generator constraints. Simulation results of the proposed approach were compared in terms of solution quality, convergence characteristics, and computation efficiency with conventional methods such as lambda iterative method, heuristic methods such as genetic algorithm, and meta-heuristic methods like particle swarm optimization. It is observed from different case studies that the proposed method provides qualitative solutions with less computational time compared to various methods available in the literature.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.7
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• pp.1236-1240
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• 2007

In order to evaluate if the high-Tc superconducting(HTS) power cable is operating stably, the characteristics of the HTS power cable should be found out. The properties of HTS tapes by measuring the voltage with respect to the current can be archived. But, the HTS power cable is different from the case of HTS tapes. This method is invalid because of the electromagnetic fields caused by other HTS tapes. In this paper, the stability evaluation of the HTS cable was performed by the following procedure. First, the voltage-current characteristics of HTS tape were measured and the electromagnetic field distributions of the HTS power cable with the external magnetic field were analyzed. Second, the losses of the HTS power cable were calculated using the result of the measurement and the analysis. Finally, the stable operation of the HTS power cable was evaluated on the basis of the losses of the superconducting cable.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.2042-2048
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• 2014

In medium voltage electrical distribution networks, reforming the loss reduction is important, and in line with this, the issue of system engineering and use of proper equipment Expansion of distribution systems results in higher system losses and poor voltage regulation. Therefore, an efficient and effective distribution system has become more important. So, proper selection of conductors in the distribution system is crucial as it determines the current density and the resistance of the line. Evaluation of aging conductors for losses and costs imposed in addition to the careful planning of technical and economic networks can be identified in the network design. In this paper the use of imperialist competitive algorithm; genetic algorithm; is proposed to optimal branch conductor selection and reconstruction in radial distribution systems planning. The objective is to minimize the overall cost of annual energy losses and depreciation on the cost of conductors to improve productivity given the maximum current carrying capacity and acceptable voltage levels. Simulations are carried out on 69-bus radial distribution network using genetic algorithm approaches to show the accuracy as well as the efficiency of the proposed solution technique.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.62 no.8
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• pp.1132-1137
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• 2013

This paper considers the $H_{\infty}$ control problem for networked control systems(NCSs). In order to solve the problem which comes from discontinuous control signal in NCSs, an approach that discontinuous control signals treat time-varying delayed continuous signals is applied to achieve $H_{\infty}$ stability of NCSs. In addition, randomly occurring packet losses and disturbances are considered by introducing stochastic variables with Bernoulli distribution. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, a new stability condition is obtained via linear matrix inequality formulation to find the $H_{\infty}$ controller which achieves the mean square stability of NCSs. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a numerical example in order to show the effectiveness of our results.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.63-84
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• 2016

Article 77 of CISG requires an aggrieved party, the promisee, claiming damages to take reasonable measures to mitigate losses. The reasonable measures required hereunder are limited to those that can be expected under the circumstances having regard to the principle of good faith. When taking such measures, the aggrieved party must do so within a reasonable time under the circumstances. The expenses incurred in taking such measures are recoverable from the promisor. If the aggrieved party fails to do so, the damages recoverable from the promisor are reduced in the amount the loss that should have been mitigated. The aggrieved party's duty to mitigate damages applies to claim for damages only. That is, the violation of this duty should not be invoked against other remedies available under CISG, such as the right to claim specific performance, the right to claim for the price or the right of reduction of price. In practice, under the provision of article 77, the aggrieved party, the seller or the buyer, is often required to enter into a substitute transaction as a measure to mitigate losses and many cases involving a substitute transaction are internationally reported. Therefore this paper intends to provide a certain understanding of the aggrieved party's duty to take measures to mitigate losses based on such cases reported.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.25.3-26
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• 2008

The direct way to the moon is to start from the parking orbit by using impulsive thruster In previous domestic research, the direct way has been studied by using a single impulsive shot. However, when a single impulsive shot occurs to go into a Translunar orbit, gravity losses occur because thruster is not impulsive shot but the finite burns and it causes the gravity losses. To make up for the weak point of a single impulsive shot, this paper divides TLI (Trans Lunar Injection) into several small burns. Therefore, departure loop trajectory and the Translunar trajectory. This method is useful not only to reduce the gravity losses but also to check the condition of satellite. By using this method, this paper demostrates the optimized trajectory from Earth parking orbit to lunar mission orbit which minimizes the fuel, and the SNOPT (Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer software) is used to find optimal solution. Also, this paper provides lunar mission profile which includes the mission schedule when TLI, LOI (Lunar Orbit Insertion) maneuvers occur, a mount of fuel when thruster is used and other mission parameters.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2008

The effects of water and pesticide management practices on ponded water pesticide concentrations in a paddy plot were analysed using the RICEWQ model. The molinate which is a herbicide widely used in rice culture, and frequently detected in paddy environment was selected. In a previous study, the RICEWQ model was successfully calibrated with field data obtained from a paddy plot in Daegu. The calibrated model was run using water and pesticide management scenarios with a set of measured meteorological data for 1997-2006 in Daegu. For all three ponded water depths with the label rate application, the amount of molinate dissipated in ponded water and volatilized accounted for more than 70%, and the runoff losses were less than 9%. The molinate losses through drainage in the very shallow ponded depth showed 40% less than that in deep ponded depth. Comparing with the deep and shallow ponded depth, the very shallow depth was the best with regards to the reduction of molinate runoff losses. Simulations with different pesticide application rates, label rate and double label rate, showed molinate concentrations in the ponded water increased linearly with the application rate increase.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.2989-2998
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• 2010

This study proposes the DMA(District Metered Area) operation technologies to reduce water losses in water supply network, such as development of DMA control and monitoring system and analysis method of DMA water flow and pressure analysis. DMA boundary analysis and control and monitoring systems of J city was studied in advance, and some problems to be improved was presented. Water losses analysis program was developed to assess the effects of this study.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.07a
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• pp.93-94
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• 2006

The sheath of a single-conductor cable for ac service acts as a secondary of a transformer, the current in the conductor induces a voltage in the sheath. When the sheaths of single-conductor cables are bonded to each other, as is common practice for multi-conductor cables, the induced voltage causes current to flow in the completed circuit. This current causes losses in the sheath. Various methods of bonding may be used for the purpose of minimizing sheath losses. In korea, sheath cross bonding system was employed for the prevention of sheath losses, the sheaths wire subjected to at voltages, and the bonding was designed to keep the magnitude of the induced voltages within small limits so as to prevent the possibility of sheath corrosion. But, sheath cross bonding system without transposition of cable can not achieve an exact balance of induced sheath voltages unless the cables are lain in trefoil. This paper describes a transposition system with sheath cross bonding using EMTP(Electromagnetic Transient Program). The transposition system with cross bonding can be extended to longer cable circuits for laid in flat as wall as trefoil by the methods described in this paper.