• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.17.1-17.11
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• 2020

Dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, and acid-base imbalance are the most significant consequences of diarrhea in calves. We aimed to determine blood gas, hematological, electrolyte, and biochemical values and investigate the relationship between the physical status and blood parameters in Korean native calves (KNCs) with diarrhea. One hundred eighty KNCs with diarrhea (age < 75 days) were investigated. Blood samples were collected from the external jugular vein and analyzed using a portable clinical blood gas analyzer. The measured parameters were statistically compared according to the status of physical activity, dehydration, or prognosis. The mean values of parameters in the Calves with diarrhea showed metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, and azotemia. The mean values of potassium, chloride, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were in the upper limit of their reference ranges. More than 75% of the calves had metabolic acidosis caused by bicarbonate loss, and 63.6% had high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values. Moreover, BUN showed the highest correlation with the physical activity status and dehydration. pH, base excess of the extracellular fluid (BE), anion gap, potassium, hematocrit, bicarbonate, and hemoglobin were closely correlated with physical deterioration and dehydration (p < 0.001). BUN, pH, BE, and anion gap were closely correlated with physical deterioration and dehydration. These correlations between clinical symptoms and blood gas parameters can be clinically relevant in predicting the status of parameters according to clinical symptoms.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1477-1485
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• 2021

Recently, super-resolution has been intensively studied only on upscaling models with integer magnification. However, the need to expand arbitrary magnification is emerging in representative application fields of actual super-resolution, such as object recognition and display image quality improvement. In this paper, we propose a model that can support arbitrary magnification by using the weights of the existing integer magnification model. This model converts super-resolution results into the DCT spectral domain to expand the space for arbitrary magnification. To reduce the loss of high-frequency information in the image caused by the expansion by the DCT spectral domain, we propose a high-frequency attention network for arbitrary magnification so that this model can properly restore high-frequency spectral information. To recover high-frequency information properly, the proposed network utilizes channel attention layers. This layer can learn correlations between RGB channels, and it can deepen the model through residual structures.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.309-316
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• 2022

We aimed to verify the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between burnout and flourishing, and the moderated mediating effect of psychological detachment on the mediating relationship. An online survey was conducted with 300 workers, and the results are as follows. First, significant correlations are found among burnout, depression, flourishing, and psychological detachment. Second, the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between burnout and flourishing was verified. Third, the moderated mediating effect of psychological detachment on the mediating relationship verified. Considering the successive effects of burnout on depression and the loss of flourishing, the necessity of efficient management of burnout became evident. Moreover, the moderating role of psychological detachment implies that the effect of burnout can be reduced to some extent through individual and/or organizational efforts for psychological detachment. It seems necessary to verify the moderating effect in more detail through experimental research in the future.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.289-297
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• 1995

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the competitive characteristics of weeds with direct-seeded rice. In both dry- and water-seeded rice a weeds) started to grow over the plant height of rice from 45 days after seeding, and there was a great difference in plant height between rice and weeds from 75 days after seeding. Dry weights of weeds drastically increased from 30 days after seeding in both dry- and water-seeded rice, and the increase of dry weight was faster in dry-seeded rice than in water-seeded rice with time. Although weeds competed with rice at earlier growth stages, they did not reduce rice yields and its components until competition period of 75 days after seeding. Required period of weed free at the beginning of the season was 30 to 45 days from seeding in order to avoid any yield loss. The numbers of panicle per plant, spikelets per panicle, grain weight and yield of rice in dry-seeded rice had highly negative correlations with the growth ratios of Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, Cyperus difformis, Bidens frondosa, and Cyperus serotinus. In water-seeded rice, the number of plants, panicle per plant, spikelets per panicle and yield had highly negative correlations with growth rate of Echinochloa crus-galli, but the percentage of filled spikelet had negative correlation with Cyperus difformis. Research indicated that in direct-seeded rice weed competition with rice started from 30 days after seeding and significant yield loss by weed competition occurred from 75 days after seeding.

• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.973-992
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• 2010

The hearing impairment is the representative disorder that affects the quality of the routine life of the aged period. This study was aimed to develop the Korean evaluation scale for hearing handicap(KESHH) with which we can evaluate social and psychological effects of the hearing impairment. Applying this scale clinically, we can analyze the geriatric hearing loss specifically and improve the quality of the aural rehabilitation that can help the hardness of the hearing impairment. Data were collected from 288 participants(176 hearing aid users and 112 non-hearing aid users) and the average age of the participants was 67.4 years old ( 60.15 for the hearing aids users and 78.9 for the non hearing users). The composition ratio of the male and female participants were 58.0% and 42.0% and extrovert and introvert personality were 49.3% and 50.7% showing balanced formation. The tentative draft of KESHH measurements were produced with 30 items and following 5 subscales. Using factor analysis, 6 items were erased and 4 subscales - social effect, psycho/emotional effect, interpersonal effect, and perception of hearing aids - were identified. As each subscale consisted of 6 items, 24 items were corrected and remained totally. Conclusively, the KESHH was developed with 24 items and 4 subscales including 6 items on each subscale. In addition, the KESHH was divided into type-1 and 2 depending on hearing aid users and non hearing aid users. The results of this study can be summarized as the following 5 parts. Firstly, the reliabilities of the KESHH were proved to be high because the subscales' Cronbach alpha values were from 0.723 through 0.895. Secondly, the KESHH showed systematically increasing score as the hearing impairment increased. The lowest score was 24 and the highest score was 117 and the average scores of the hearing impaired and non-hearing impaired are 72.06(SD=15.67) and 66.98(SD=20.94) showing 5.08 increased score for the hearing impaired. Depending on the degree of the hearing loss, the scores recorded 52.63 at the below of the mild hearing loss, 67.29 for the moderate hearing loss, 71.89 for the moderately severe hearing loss, and 75.57 for the severe hearing loss The comparison of the scores by hearing levels indicated that the higher the hearing levels were, the higher the scores of the KESHH with statistical significance(p<0.001). Thirdly, the correlation among 4 subscales was 0.384~0.880(p<0.001). Also, the pure tone average, personality, and the four subscales correlations showed statistical significance with 0.148~0.880 except for the pure tone average and personality and the pure tone average and perception of hearing aids. Fourthly, the total variances explained for the independent subscles were analyzed with multiple regression. The social effect was explained 17.4% with pure tone average, personality, and the status of hearing aid use variances. The psycho/emotional effect was explained 14.4% with puretone average, personality, and age variances. The interpersonal effect was explained 11.2% with pure tone average, personality, and the status of hearing aid use variances. The perception of hearing aids effect was explained 2.2% with only personality. Finally, test-retest reliability was proved to be high with 0.791(p<0.001). Conclusively, the KESHH that was developed considering Korean culture can be a useful instrument for expressing the hearing handicaps of the Korean aged hearing impaired in scores for both hearing aid users and non-users. Also, it is thought that the KESHH is useful clinically for identifying the changes of the hearing handicap scores before and after wearing hearing aids and aural rehabilitation at diverse situations.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.4 s.20
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• pp.238-245
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• 2005

Purpose: Ghrelin, produced primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, has been reported to reflect nutritional status and to control homeostasis by influencing food intake and adiposity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate nutritional status, as well as plasma and gastric tissue ghrelin levels, in patients with gastric cancer who underwent a gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients were analyzed by the degree of weight loss $(weight\;loss{\geq}5%\;or\;<5%)$ and the extent of gastrectomy (subtotal or total gastrectomy). Blood samples were collected from all patients preoperatively and postoperatively especially at seven days. Gastric tissues, including tumor and normal tissues, were obtained from the resected stomach. levels of plasma and tissue ghrelin were measured with a commercial ELISA kit. Results: There were no significant differences in the clinical characteristics and ghrelin levels of plasma, gastric tumor tissue and normal tissue by the degree of weight loss. The ghrelin levels in plasma and tumor tissue showed no correlations with each other while the ghrelin level in tumor tissue was significantly lower than that in normal tissue. The degree of cellular differentiation also had an association with ghrelin production. A gastrectomy proved to decrease significantly plasma ghrelin levels, body mass index, and biochemical markers, regardless of the extent of gastric resection. Conclusion: These results show that gastric cancer affects the production of ghrelin in the gastric mucosa and that ghrelin is mainly produced in stomach even though it could be partially covered by endogenous ghrelin from other organs following a gastrectomy. However, we should further investigate which other factors have an impact on energy consumption, ghrelin secretion, and changes in ghrelin levels after a gastrectomy.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 1997

Stem diameter and shoot fresh weight of tomato grown in greenhouse were measured non-destructively at 10 minutes interval from 1 to 16 July, 1996 with displacement detector using strain gauges and with suspension-type load cell, respectively, and simultaneously were measured soil water potential, transpiration and solar radiation. Ample water was irrigated before experiment, and thereafter, irrigations were made on the next morning when visual symptoms of wilting appeared. Shoot fresh weight and stem diameter showed very similar patterns in diurnal changes which are characterized by predawn maximum and afternoon minimum and in long- term evolutions, suggesting that stem diameter shrinkage and expansion are closely related to plant water content and growth, respectively, Shoot weight and stem diameter reached minimum values a little later than the time on which transpiration showed maximum. The daily net gains of fresh weight(DG) and stem diameter(DI) showed significantly Positive correlations with solar radiation in those days on which plants were not water-stressed. However, Dl and DG on those days of water stress showed much lower values than expected from the relationships between solar radiation and them. Transpiration was much lower than the expected potential transpiration on 10 July, implying that plants were water-stressed. In this case water stress was not detected from visual symptom of wilting and/or soil water potential, but was able to be identified by the lower DI and DG than the expected. The maximum contraction of stem diameter(MC) and the maximum loss of fresh weight(ML) during daytime showed significantly positive correlations with solar radiation in those days on which plants were not water-stressed and were observed greater than expected from the relationships on severely water-stressed days. But mild water stress could not be discernable by ML and MC. It would be concluded that the daily net gains of fresh weight and/or stem diameter could be used as criteria for diagnosing the water status of tomato and for triggoring the onset of irrigation in automatic system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.56-70
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• 1990

Eighteen Korean white pine (P. koraiensis S. et Z.) families were tested in 3 different regions from age 5 to 9. Family and site were significant sources of variation for seedling survival and field growth, whereas the effects of family x site interaction ware relatively small as compared with the former sources of variation. Variance components estimated from the separate and combined sites indicated that the most variabilities were associated with individual trees within plot. Family ${\times}$ site interaction components as a percentage of family variance decreased sharply with age. Heritability estimates varied with testing site and tree age. Combined analyses, however, showed a moderate change in heritability with increasing tree ages, and demonstrated high and stable trends of estimates, particularly in family heritabilities of tree height ($h_F{^2}=0.789-0.798$). The gains estimated from combined analysis have expected maximum or near-maximum efficiencies at age 6 or 7. Given equal intensity of selection, mass selection showed the most efficient gains within and across the sites. However, for the differences between mass and combined selections are small, selection made on the combination of family and within-family would be more effective in improving genetic gains. Indirect selection method indicated that 5-and 6-years height were all good predictors of 9-year-old height with little loss of relative efficiency (less than 10%) as compared with direct family selection at age 9. Phenotypic and genetic correlations computed on the basis of family mean values of height and diameter have shown predominantly high, positive, and statistically significant (1% level) relationships between all tested pairs of traits, which indicates that family growth maintained statistically consistent trends with age. The best families are those that maintained a stable superiority overall sites and ages in growth performance, therefore, it can be suggested that early identification of superior families at age 9 is feasible at age 5 or 6 in Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2004

This study is to investigate the amount of biased estimates for heritability and genetic correlation according to data structure on marbling scores in Korean cattle. Breeding population with 5 generations were simulated by way of selection for carcass weight, Longissimus muscle area and latent values of marbling scores and random mating. Latent variables of marbling scores were categorized into five by the thresholds of 0, I, 2, and 3 SD(DSI) or seven by the thresholds of -2, -1, 0,1I, 2, and 3 SD(DS2). Variance components and genetic pararneters(Heritabilities and Genetic correlations) were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood on multivariate linear mixed animal models and by Gibbs sampling algorithms on multivariate threshold mixed animal models in DS1 and DS2. Simulation was performed for 10 replicates and averages and empirical standard deviation were calculated. Using REML, heritabilitis of marbling score were under-estimated as 0.315 and 0.462 on DS1 and DS2, respectively, with comparison of the pararneter(0.500). Otherwise, using Gibbs sampling in the multivariate threshold animal models, these estimates did not significantly differ to the parameter. Residual correlations of marbling score to other traits were reduced with comparing the parameters when using REML algorithm with assuming linear and normal distribution. This would be due to loss of information and therefore, reduced variation on marbling score. As concluding, genetic variation of marbling would be well defined if liability concepts were adopted on marbling score and implemented threshold mixed model on genetic parameter estimation in Korean cattle.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 1996

The joint diseases threaten modern people's healthy life. They bring about a long pain, an anasarca, loss of joint function or even deformation and rigidity of joint, limiting people's ordinary activities much. The chronic joint patients may be subject to some hypochondria caused by anxiety for their life, social isolation, financial problem and physical disability. Therefore, this population should continue to be duely taken care of by medical personnels. In particular, nurses should adequately help these people to recover and improve their health through suitable adaptations. With such basic conceptions in mind, this study was aimed at reviewing these patients' conditions in their ordinary life before and after a plastic operation for artificial joint replacement as well as their satisfaction with their life. For this purpose, those patients who underwent some plastic operations for artificial joint replacement at university hospitals in Seoul from January 2, 1993 to June 30, 1995 were selected as the population of this study. Among them, 87 people were randomly sampled to answer a questionnaire designed specially. For the surveying tools, Jette's (1980) scale was applied to address the sample people's inconveniences experienced and supports received in their ordinary life, while the scale of Wood, Wylie & Sheafer was used to measure their satisfaction with their life. The collected data were analyzed for percentiles, means, SD, t-test and Pearson's correlations. The results of survey can be summarized as follows ; As a result of t-test the frequencies of other people's support before and after the plastic operation, it was disclosed that those who underwent the operation were supported less frequently. In addition, as a result of t-testing their satisfaction with life before and after the operation, it was found that the operation increased their satisfaction with life significantly. Meanwhile, as a result of t-test inconveniences, frequencies of supports and life satisfaction before and after the plastic operation for artificial knee replacement, it was disclosed that only the inconveniences were significantly reduced after the operation. In contrast, the t-test the variables before and after the plastic operation for artificial hip replacement, it was found that only the frequencies of other people's supports were significant reduced after the operation. Furthermore, the differences 6 months, one year and two years after the plastic operation for artificial joint replacement were t-tested on the variables. As a result, it was disclosed that people's inconvenience, frequencies of supports and life satisfaction were not improved 6 months after the operation but their frequencies of supports decreased significantly one year after, while their inconveniences and life satisfaction were significantly improved two years after. As a result of analyzing the variables with Pearson's correlations, inconveniences and frequency of supports were negatively correlated significantly with the life satisfaction. In conclusion, the plastic operation for artificial joint replacement significantly improved people's living inconveniences, reduced their frequency of other people's support and enhanced their satisfaction with life. To break don the plastic operation for artificial knee replacement improved patients' inconveniences, while the plastic operation for artificial hip replacement not only improved patients' inconveniences but reduced the frequencies of other people's support also. Finally, the finding that the plastic operation for artificial joint replacement brought about the improvement two years after suggests that this period is needed for the patients to adapt themselves to the post-operation conditions.