• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.762-770
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• 2018

Adiponectin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, is very abundant in plasma, and its anti- and pro-inflammatory effects are reported. However, the mechanisms of these pro- and anti-inflammatory effects are not fully defined. Herein, we evaluated the dual inflammatory response mechanism of adiponectin in macrophages. Short-term globular adiponectin (gAd) treatment induced $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation, $NF-{\kappa}B$ nuclear translocation, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production in RAW 264.7 cells. Polymyxin B pretreatment did not block gAd-induced $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation, and heated gAd was unable to degrade $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, suggesting that the effects of gAd were not due to endotoxin contamination. gAd activated IKK and Akt, and inhibition of either IKK or Akt by dominant-negative $IKK{\beta}$ ($DN-IKK{\beta}$) or DN-Akt overexpression blocked gAd-induced $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation, suggesting that short-term incubation with gAd mediates inflammatory responses by activating the $I{\kappa}B/NF-{\kappa}B$ and PI3K/Akt pathways. Contrastingly, long-term stimulation with gAd induced, upon subsequent stimulation, tolerance to gAd, lipopolysaccharide, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide, which is associated with gAd-induced downregulation of IL-receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) due to IRAK-1 transcriptional repression. Conclusively, our findings demonstrate that the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to gAd in innate immune cells are time-dependent, and mediated by the activation of the $I{\kappa}B/NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway, and IRAK-1 downregulation, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil physical properties and microorganism in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils, while the clay loam and sandy loam soils were used for laboratory experiments. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC). cow manure compost(CMC). human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISE) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : Bulk density of loam soil decreased with compost application to $1.07{\sim}1.32Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot, while in sandy loam soil it decreased to $1.00{\sim}1.20Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.25Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot. Bulk density of soil was decreased according to maize cultivation compared with bare control, but soybean cultivation was similar. Population of organic material decomposing microorganisms was increased rapidly at the initial incubation stage at $25^{\circ}C$, and increased more sensitively at the loam soil than sandy loam soil. In the case of the change of microorganisms associated with nitrogen circulation, ammonia oxidizing bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria increased until 1~4 weeks after incubation and increased more at the loam soil than sandy loam soil.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1617-1622
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• 2006

Long-term storage of feeds or feedstuffs in high temperature and humid conditions can be difficult because of microbial contamination. Essential oil isolated from industrial waste citrus peel could be used as a preservative because it is likely to have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. Our objective was to determine whether different levels (0.028, 0.056 and 0.112 g/kg) of citrus essential oil (CEO) would provide anti-microbial activity and enhance preservation of animal feed without influencing rumen fermentation. At 0.112 g/kg, CEO inhibited growth of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Salmonela enteritidis (IFO 3313). Growth of E. coli recovered after 24 h of incubation, but S. enteritidis continued to be inhibited for 72 h. Preservation of antibiotic-free diets for swine was assessed by observing anti-aflatoxin activity. Aflatoxin was detected in control feed samples on days 16 (8 ppb) and 21 (8 ppb) and in anti-fungal agent (AA) treated samples on days 16 (2 ppb) and 21 (4 ppb). However, aflatoxin was not detected in feed samples treated with CEO. Treatment with CEO and AA did not influence ruminal pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD) or organic matter digestibility (OMD) over 48 h of incubation in rumen fluid. Acetate and propionate were slightly higher with CEO treatment (p<0.05), but total concentration of volatile fatty acid (VFA) was not significantly affected by treatment. Ammonia-N concentration was slightly higher for the control treatment (p<0.05). This study showed that treating feed with CEO enhances preservation of animal feed without influencing in vitro rumen fermentation.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.564-568
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• 2008

The effects of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) on bioaccessibility and uptake of mercury from fish were investigated using an in vitro digestion coupled with a Caco-2 cell. Fish along with SCC was subjected to a simulated in vitro digestion, which simulates both the gastric and small intestinal phase in vivo. Mercury bioaccessibility, the amount of mercury released from fish to aqueous phase following a digestion, was measured. Various amounts of SCC (0.1-25 mg) significantly reduced mercury bioaccessibility in a dose dependent manner by 49-89% compared to the negative control (fish without SCC) (p<0.05). Mercury bioaccessibility in varying molar ratios of mercury to positive control, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate (DMPS) was between 24 and 52%. Mercury uptake by Caco-2 cells from test media containing aqueous phase following in vitro digestion was measured after 6 hr incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. Cellular mercury uptake with increasing amount of SCC ranged from 0.352 to $0.052\;{\mu}g$ mercury/mg protein, while those in DMPS treatment were between 0.14 and $0.27\;{\mu}g$ mercury/mg protein. Our study suggests that SCC can reduce mercury absorption following fish consumption and may be efficient as a synthetic chelating agent for long term chronic mercury exposure in fish eating populations.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.81-82
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• 2003

We have developed the method for the conjugation of biotinylated DNA to streptavidin-coated QDs. QD-DNA conjugates and a high-sensitive fluorescence imaging technique are adopted to visualize gene transport across the membrane of the live cell in real time. Endocytotic cellular uptake of oligonucleotide and electrically-mediated plasmid DNA transfer into the live cell are monitored by a quantitative microscopic imaging system. Long-term kinetic study enables us to reveal the unknown mechanisms and rate-limiting steps of extracellular and intracellular transport of biomolecules. We designed experimental protocols to conjugate the oligonucleotide or the plasmid DNA to commercially available streptavidin-coated QDs. Gel electrophoresis is used to verify the effect of incubation time and the molar ratio of QDs and DNA on the conjugation efficiency. It is possible to fractionate the QD-DNA conjugates according to the DNA concentration and obtain the purified conjugates by a gel extraction technique.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2020

Background: This study was performed to provide a long-term bacterial seal through the formation of reparative dentin bridge, calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials have been used at sites of pulpal exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineralization-inducing potentials of calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials (ProRoot MTA [PR], Biodentine [BD], and TheraCal LC [TC]) in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Methods: Specimens of test materials were placed in deionized water for various incubation times to measure the pH variation and the concentration of calcium released. The morphology of HDPCs cultured on the specimens was examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Alizarin red S staining and alkaline phosphatase assays were used to evaluate mineralization-inducing potentials of the capping materials. Results: BD showed the highest calcium release in all test periods, followed by PR and TC. (p<0.05). All experimental groups showed high alkalinity after 1 day, except at 14 days. BD showed the highest cell viability compared with PR and TC after 1 and 3 days, while TC showed the lowest value (p<0.05). The CLSM analysis showed that cells were well adhered and expressed actin filaments for all pulp capping materials. Mineralization by PR and BD groups was higher than that by TC group based on alizarin red S staining. BD showed significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than PR and TC, while TC showed the lowest value (p<0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the in vitro study, BD had higher mineralization-inducing potential than PR and TC.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.26-26
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of dissolved orgamc matters based on their origins. The dissolved organic carbon(DOC) represents an index for dissolved organic matter and basically regarded as a source of organic pollution. The monthly variations and vertical profiles of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in Kumoh reservoir were surveyed from May 2001 to April 2002. In addition, other areas such as river, reservoir, sewage and industrial wastewater were also surveyed in summer 2001. Kumoh reservoir was divided with depth into three layers .: epilimnion, metalimnion and hypolimnion. The proportion of total DOC(T-DOC) was classified by labile DOC(L-DOC) and refractory DOC(R-DOC) on the basis of long-term incubation. DOC of freshwater and Kumoh reservoir was ranged to be 1.6~4.1 mgC/L and 2.1~4.0 mgC/L, respectively. L-DOC accounted for 3~30% of DOC from watershed. Therefore, refractory dissolved organic carbon(R-DOC) was major component of DOC in the watershed. The decomposition rate(k) ranged from 0.008 $d^{-1}$ to 0.083 $d^{-1}$ in Kumoh reservoir. The highest decomposition rate(k) was observed at River Hoein III freshwater. Therefore, modified total organic carbon analyzer is needed to be applied for effective management of dissolved organic matter.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.31-39
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• 1997

The seasonal and spatial changes in dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in Lake Kasumigaura, a shallow and eutrophic lake, were analyzed from October 1992 to October 1995. The proportion of T-DOC was classified by labile(L-DOC) and refractory DOC(R-DOC) on the basis of long-term incubation, fractionated the molecular weight of T-DOC by ultrafiltration. The porewater DOC were measured at sedimental surface of the central basin in order to evaluate the DOC released from the sediment. The proportion of L-DOC and R-DOC were accounted for about 15% and 85% of T-DOC in the central basin, respectively. The molecular weight(MW) distribution occupied some 60% of the low and medium MW. The horizontal variation of T-DOC concentrations trended to higher in the central basin than in the inlet of influent rivers, because of contribution by autochthonous organic carbon loading. The seasonal variation of T-DOC showed to higher summer than winter in the inlet of influent, but at the central basin it fluctuated little seasonally. During the high increase of porewater DOC in 1994 evaluated the high release possibility from the sediment surface (10cm). The present study suggests that autochthonous organic carbon loading must be controlled for improving the water quality of the eutrophic lakes.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.22-28
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• 2010

This paper describes a web-based design review system as a knowledge management system relating reliability and safety system design. Since people's consciousness for safety and security become sensitive and increases the need of establishing a proactive prevention method for internal failures and relating risks in products. It also means that prevailing tacit knowledge in retired workers, in order to transform them to be easily used to support new system development, become more important. When considering safety and reliability design, at least two data sheet are necessary; Failure Modes and Effects Analyses (FMEA) and Risk Assessment (RA). These two data are practically made separately. However, it includes the concerns that a risk by failures during long-term use may not be noticed. To overcome this insufficiency, a support tool for integrating reliability evaluation and risk assessment data simultaneously is expected to be revealed. The authors have then developed a web-based design review system for reliability and safety system design. The system include various profitable functions; making FMEA and RA sheet, retrieving past data sheet for engineering change management and new product development and web-based discussion to increase the efficiency of discussion. The system is applied to one practical development works in order to demonstrate its effectiveness that is to be made clear by interviewing user's qualitative comment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.496-500
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• 2001

In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of three tropical browse species as assessed by DM and CP digestibility, and NDF and ADF degradability with incubation times (T) of 6, 12, 24 and 48h. During the in vivo digestibility experiment three male castrated sheep (age 16 - 25 months) with a mean liveweight of $11.5{\pm}0.9kg$ were placed in individual metabolism stalls and were allocated to one of the three browse species in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The browse species were all leguminous and consisted of: Acacia sieberina (A. sieberina), Ficus polita (F. polita), and Ficus sycomorus (F. sycomorus). The mean DM and CP contents of F. polita were higher than for A. sieberina and F. sycomorus (p<0.05). In contrast the NDF and ADF contents of F. sycomorus were higher compared to the other species examined (p<0.05). The in vitro DM and CP digestibility, and NDF and ADF degradability observed at different stages of incubation were higher in F. polita followed by A. sieberina and F. sycomorus. The DM and CP digestibility at 48 h incubation were 72.92, 74.84 and 53.52% and 77.38, 77.68 and 63.64% for A. seiberina, F. polita and F. sycomorus, respectively. This shows that F. polita contains more soluble materials which ruminant can benefit from and hence has more feeding value. The fermentation of F. sycomorus was slower for all the nutrients evaluated due to the presence of more fibre. Similarly, higher in vivo digestibility coefficient of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose were observed for F. polita reflecting its higher values of CP, ether extract (EE) and hemicellulose associated with lower values of NDF and ADF. Higher DMI and daily gain were recorded in sheep during feeding of F. polita compared to the other species evaluated. The digestibility of all the nutrients examined were higher in the in vivo than in the in vitro trial except for CP and DM. Sheep showed no visual signs of toxicity throughout the study periods. These results showed A. seiberina, F. polita and F. sycomorus can sustain sheep on a maintenance diet and could as well be used as a supplementary feed to low producing animals during the tropical dry season. Further research is needed to ascertain the viability of using these browse species on a long-term basis.