• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2023

Slotted-Aloha (S-Aloha) has been widely employed in random access networks owing to its simple implementation in a distributed manner. To enhance the throughput performance of the S-Aloha, connection-based slotted-Aloha (CS-Aloha) has been proposed in recent years. The fundamental principle of the CS-Aloha is to establish a connection with a short-sized request packet before transmitting data packets. Subsequently, the connected node transmits long-sized data packets in a batch of size M. This approach efficiently reduces collisions, resulting in improved throughput compared to the S-Aloha, particularly for a large M. In this paper, we address the short-term fairness of the CS-Aloha, as quantified by Jain's fairness index. Specifically, we evaluate how equitably the CS-Aloha allocatestime slots to all nodes in the network within a finite time interval. Through simulation studies, we identify the impact of system parameters on the short-term fairness of the CS-Aloha and propose an optimal transmission probability to support short-term fairness.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.5328-5346
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• 2016

An optimal power control algorithm based on convex optimization is proposed for base stations in long term evolution networks. An objective function was formulated to maximize the proportional fairness of the networks. The optimal value of the objective function was obtained using convex optimization and distributed methods based on the path loss model between the base station and users. Field tests on live networks were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results verified that, in a multi-cell multi-user scenario, the proposed algorithm increases system throughputs, proportional fairness, and energy efficiency by 9, 1.31 and 20.2 %, respectively, compared to the conventional fixed power allocation method.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.69-91
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 외식 프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가맹점간의 장기적인 관계형성을 통해 경쟁력을 증진시키기 위한 방안으로 공정성에 대한 지각이 상호관계의 질에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 실증분석 결과, 프랜차이즈 본부의 공정성에 대해 긍정적으로 인식할수록 상호관계의 질에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. 공정성의 두 개념인 분배공정성과 절차공정성 모두 긍정적으로 지각할수록 가맹본부에 대한 신뢰와 만족은 높게 나타났으며, 갈등은 적게 나타났다. 분배공정성과 절차공정성 모두 유의한 결과를 나타내기도 했지만, 특히 분배공정성보다는 절차공정성이 가맹본부에 대한 신뢰와 만족에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가맹점간의 상호관계의 질은 장기적인 결속에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 본부에 대한 신뢰와 만족이 높고, 갈등이 적을수록 본부와 보다 상호협력적인 가맹점이 되는 것이다. 상호관계의 질을 구성하는 요인 중 장기적인 결속에 가장 큰 영향을 나타내는 것은 신뢰로 나타났다. 이 결과는 외식 프랜차이즈의 가맹본부와 가맹점의 적절한 관계개발 전략을 수립하는데 시사점을 줄 수 있다. 첫째, 외식 프랜차이즈 본부의 실무담당자들은 가맹점과의 상호관계의 질을 높이기 위해 본부의 절차적인 공정성에 대한 가맹점의 지각을 긍정적인 방향으로 유도해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 가맹본부와 가맹점간의 장기적인 관계 형성을 위한 전략 대안으로는 가맹본부에 대한 신뢰형성을 우선적으로 제고해야 할 것이다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.1647-1653
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• 2004

경쟁기반의 무선 랜에서 채널의 이용률을 최대로 하는 것과 대역폭의 공평한 할당은 다루어야 할 중요한 주제이다. 그러나 위의 두 목적을 동시에 달성하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 이들 목적을 위하여 많은 연구들이 이루어져왔다. 본 논문에서는 IEEE 802.11e 무선 랜에서 여러 트래픽 클래스 간의 공평한 전송을 지원할 수 있는 제어 메커니즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘에서 각 클래스 트래픽들이 자신의 평균 long-term과 short-term 전송시간 값의 차이와 자신에게 할당된 전송 시간을 비교하여 $CW_{min}$값을 조절함으로써 공평성을 지원한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 공평성 지원을 위하여 다른 연구에서와 같이 각 트래픽 클래스들이 네트워크 내의 정확한 노드의 수에 대한 예측을 필요로 하지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라 AP(Access Point)나 모바일 호스트에 어떠한 수정도 필요하지 않는 장점을 가진다.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제14A권7호
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• pp.451-456
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• 2007

이 논문에서는 컴퓨터 시스템을 이질적 서버들로 구성된 시스템으로 간주하고, 장기적 관점에서 응용들간의 공정성을 추구하는 누적적(累積的) 공정 스케줄링 방법을 제시한다. 기존의 단일 서버 환경에서 주로 사용되는 GPS(generalized processor sharing) 기반의 스케줄링 알고리즘들은 순간적 관점에서 서버의 용량을 분배한다. 그러나 이를 이질적 다중 서버 환경에 적용하는 경우, 스케줄링 순서에 의한 지연시간의 오차가 서버들을 거치면서 누적될 수 있고, 잉여용량이 순간적 관점에서만 배분되기 때문에 장기적 관점에서 불공정성 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 본 논문의 방법에서는 각 응용의 예약용량을 보장하면서 잉여용량의 적절한 배분을 통해 장기적 관점의 공정 서비스를 추구한다. 이를 위해, 각 응용이 이상적으로 진행되기 위해 받아야 할 공정한 서비스 용량을 주기적 관찰을 통해 동적으로 파악하여 참조용량 모델로 삼고, 스케줄러는 응용들이 이 참조용량 모델을 점진적으로 따르도록 한다. 또한 이 모델을 효율적으로 구현하기 위한 휴리스틱 알고리즘을 만들고 실험을 통해 이를 검토한다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.30-42
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• 2010

In this work we consider the problem of downlink resource allocation for proportional fairness of long term received rates of data users and quality of service for real time sessions in an OFDMA-based wireless system. The base station allocates available power and subchannels to individual users based on long term average received rates, quality of service (QoS) based rate constraints and channel conditions. We formulate and solve a joint bandwidth and power optimization problem, solving which provides a performance improvement with respect to existing resource allocation algorithms. We propose schemes for flat as well as frequency selective fading cases. Numerical evaluation results show that the proposed method provides better QoS to voice and video sessions while providing more and fair rates to data users in comparison with existing schemes.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of the study is to reexamine the price fairness as practiced by low cost airlines, as a consumer has to experience such inconveniences as inferior airport transportation, extra fees on in-flight meals, and non-negotiable seats, and consumers evaluate such experiences keeping in mind their total costs. This evaluation includes price fairness and allows a reasonable and overall consideration of factors of low cost airlines. It tries to set up a measurement of the indicators consumers' perceptions of price fairness academically as it adapts price fairness to airline services which are renowned for price volatility. Research design, data, and methodology - The research proposes an alternative pricing strategy for the long term profit of low cost airlines after going over conflicts between the traditional theory of consumers' price perception mechanism and flexible fair policy of low cost airlines. It was meaningful when it relates to the early stage of the business, while it enhances the risks relating to the long term survival of low cost airlines. In addition, it is significant as it highlights the negative influences on consumers' perceptions of price fairness, as low cost airlines run on extremely low cost perspectives. Results - The results of the research provide insight into four perspectives, as consumers' perceptions of price fairness are influenced by the frequency and range of price changes and services. The first perspective is that it would lead to positive price evaluation when a low cost airline cuts prices frequently with little changes than one big change. It also would lead to the same result when it comes to necessary services. The second perspective is that one big increase of price would rather undermine the negative aspects of price changes than those of several smaller ones. The third perspective is that additional services would be good to consumers' perceptions of price fairness as compared to discount benefits with respect to the cost. Finally, a low cost airline should consider that consumers will change airlines or defer their flight schedule if the flight fares increase beyond their limits. Conclusions - Low cost airlines should reconsider their pricing policies for services that were provided free earlier. A consumer would not like discount benefits when made to pay for services that were, for long, free of charge. If a low cost airline can provide services with no charge, it should improve volumes if the costs are standardized and, moreover, should consider the charging fees. Alternatively, a consumer can choose between services and fair discount. Low cost airlines are implementing sales promotion strategies, as the competition is more intense than it used to be. In these days, they should regard services over sales promotion, as consumers may prefer to spend money on good premium services. Some differentiation in services could create a good market position for the airlines and, hence, good financial performance.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2014

Nowadays, various researches fulfill in many communication engineering area for B4G (Beyond Forth Generation). Next LTE-A (Long Term Evolution Advanced), MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multi Input Multi Output) method raises to upgrade throughput performance. However, the method of user selection is not decided because of many types and discussions in MU-MIMO system. Many existing methods are powerful for enhancing performance but have various restrictions in practical implementation. Fairness problem is primary restriction in this area. Existing papers emphasis algorithm to increase sum-rate but we introduce an algorithm about dealing with fairness problem for real commercialization implementation. Therefore, this paper introduces new user selection method in MU-MIMO system. This method overcomes a fairness problem in SUS (Semiorthogonal User Selection) algorithm. We can use the method to get a similar sum-rate with SUS and a high fairness performance. And this paper uses a hybrid method with SC-SUS (Superposition Coding SUS) algorithm and SUS algorithm. We find a threshold value of optimal performance by experimental method. We show this performance by computer simulation with MATLAB and analysis that results. And we compare the results with another paper's that different way to solve fairness problem.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.391-396
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose a packet scheduling discipline called packet loss fair scheduling, in which the packet loss of each user from different real-time traffic is fairly distributed according to the quality of service requirements. We consider an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system. The basic frame structure of the system is for the downlink in a cellular packet network, where the time axis is divided into a finite number of slots within a frame, and the frequency axis is segmented into subchannels that consist of multiple subcarriers. In addition, to compensate for fast and slow channel variation, we employ a link adaptation technique such as adaptive modulation and coding. From the simulation results, our proposed packet scheduling scheme can support QoS differentiations while guaranteeing short-term fairness as well as long-term fairness for various real-time traffic.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.420-428
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• 2016

In this paper, we investigate the scheduling and power allocation for coordinated multi-point transmission in downlink long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) systems, where orthogonal frequency division multiple-access is used. The proposed scheme jointly optimizes user selection, power allocation, and modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selection to maximize the weighted sum throughput with fairness consideration. Considering practical constraints in LTE-A systems, the MCSs for the resource blocks assigned to the same user need to be the same. Since the optimization problem is a combinatorial and non-convex one with high complexity, a low-complexity algorithm is proposed by separating the user selection and power allocation into two subproblems. To further simplify the optimization problem for power allocation, the instantaneous signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and the average SINR are adopted to allocate power in a single cell and multiple coordinated cells, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the average system throughput and the cell-edge user throughput significantly compared with the existing schemes with limited feedback.