• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.572-578
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• 2006

Objectives : This study investigated whether taking herbal medicine over the long-term had any side effects of liver damage. Methods : We checked LFT levels of the 58 admitted patients. Results : When we compared admission LFT levels with discharge LFT levels, we found the levels of AST, ALT and LDH had decreased. This test showed statistically significant decrease. When we compared admission LFT levels with discharge LFT levels, we found the increases of discharge LFT levels fell within the standard deviation. When we compared admission LFT levels with discharge LFT levels, we found the levels of LFT did not increase as much as two standard deviations. Conclusions : According to the above results, taking herbal medicine over a long-term did not have any side effects of drug-induced liver damage.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.395-418
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• 2024

The epicentral region of earthquakes is typically where liquefaction-related damage takes place. To determine the maximum distance, such as maximum epicentral distance (R_e), maximum fault distance (R_f), or maximum hypocentral distance (R_h), at which an earthquake can inflict damage, given its magnitude, this study, using a recently updated global liquefaction database, multiple ML models are built to predict the limiting distances (R_e, R_f, or R_h) required for an earthquake of a given magnitude to cause damage. Four machine learning models LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), BiLSTM (Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory), CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), and XGB (Extreme Gradient Boosting) are developed using the Python programming language. All four proposed ML models performed better than empirical models for limiting distance assessment. Among these models, the XGB model outperformed all the models. In order to determine how well the suggested models can predict limiting distances, a number of statistical parameters have been studied. To compare the accuracy of the proposed models, rank analysis, error matrix, and Taylor diagram have been developed. The ML models proposed in this paper are more robust than other current models and may be used to assess the minimal energy of a liquefaction disaster caused by an earthquake or to estimate the maximum distance of a liquefied site provided an earthquake in rapid disaster mapping.

• 의료법학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.173-207
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• 2018

일본은 고령화가 빠르게 진전되어 이미 총 인구 중 65세 이상 인구가 차지하는 비율이 20% 이상인 초고령사회에 해당한다. 일본의 판례는 요양시설에 입소한 고령자가 사상을 당한 다수의 사안에서 요양시설의 손해배상책임을 인정하였다. 구체적인 사안들은 ①전도 또는 전락, ②배회 또는 무단외출, ③질식, ④욕창 및 ⑤이용자 간 사고의 5가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있다. 판례는 대부분의 사안에서 채무불이행책임을 중심으로 검토하였으며, 과실 또는 안전배려의무 위반을 인정하였다. 과실 또는 의무위반은 시설의 관리자 또는 직원이 입소자를 주시하고 주의를 기울일 의무를 위반한 경우 뿐 아니라, 경우에 따라서는 인적·물적 체제를 정비하지 못한 것 자체만으로도 인정된다. 특히 일본에서는 신속한 권리 구제를 위하여 손해배상에 관한 특약 조항이 있는 경우 원고는 사고 및 손해의 발생을 주장·입증하면 충분하고, 피고로서는 불가항력에 의한 사고임을 주장·입증하지 않는 한 손해배상책임을 부담한다고 하여 입증책임의 전환을 인정한다. 그런데 요양시설의 손해배상책임은 시설에서 대상자의 입소를 허락하고 서비스이용계약을 체결하는 것을 주저할 만큼 과중한 것이어서는 안 될 것이다. 이러한 점에서 일본 재판소가 상대적으로 과실상계와 소인감액을 널리 인정한 논리는 충분히 음미할 필요성이 있다. 개호사고 소송에서 법원의 판단은 구체적인 사실관계에 근거한 사례판단이지만, 개호사업자와 이용자에 대한 관계를 살펴보는 것은 향후 우리나라에서 개호사고 소송의 심리·판단 뿐 아니라 요양자의 일탈 및 사고 등을 인식할 수 있는 체제를 구축하기 위한인적·물적 체제를 구축하는 기준을 제시하는 법안을 입안함에 있어서도 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1986

The degree of air pollution is usually presented in terms of concentration. But, in evaluating the environmental impacts or air pollution control policies, the concentration values need to be interpreted in terms of damage effects on property and human health. The damage effect varies with the types of pollution, subjects and land use pattern of an affected area. Therefore, this study is aimed at developing a method of analyzing effects of various types of air pollutions on surrounding environmental setting with the EIMS (Environmental Information Management System) developed for land suitability analysis. Using the method formulated in this study, the long- term effects of such pollutants as $SO_2$ and HF on types of vegetation and residents, and potential, short-term effects of HCl leak accidents from manufacturing facilities in Ulsan and Onsan Industrial complex are analyzed. The presentation of the damage effects of air pollution rather than the concentration of pollutants will be useful for the preparation of environmental impact statements, the formulation of environmental policies, and the development of land use plans in heavily industrialized areas.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.859-880
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• 2016

This study aims to establish an effective methodology for the detection of instant damages occurred in cable-stayed bridges with the measurements of cable vibration and structural temperatures. A transfer coefficient for the daily temperature variation and another for the long-term temperature variation are firstly determined to eliminate the environmental temperature effects from the cable force variation. Several thresholds corresponding to different levels of exceedance probability are then obtained to decide four upper criteria and four lower criteria for damage detection. With these criteria, the monitoring data for three stay cables of Ai-Lan Bridge are analyzed and compared to verify the proposed damage detection methodology. The simulated results to consider various damage scenarios unambiguously indicate that the damages with cable force changes larger than ${\pm}1%$ can be confidently detected. As for the required time to detect damage, it is found that the cases with ${\pm}2%$ of cable force change can be discovered in no more than 6 hours and those with ${\pm}1.5%$ of cable force change can be identified in at most 9 hours. This methodology is also investigated for more lightly monitored cases where only the air temperature measurement is available. Under such circumstances, the damages with cable force changes larger than ${\pm}1.5%$ can be detected within 12 hours. Even though not exhaustively reflecting the environmental temperature effects on the cable force variation, both the effective temperature and the air temperature can be considered as valid indices to eliminate these effects at high and low monitoring costs.

• 대기
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.481-495
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• 2011

This study is performed to consider the threshold values of heavy rain warning in Korea using 98 surface meteorological station data and 590 Automatic Weather System stations (AWSs), damage data of National Emergency Management Agency for the period of 2005 to 2009. It is in need to arrange new criteria for heavy rain considering concept of rainfall intensity and rainfall damage to reflect the changed characteristics of rainfall according to the climate change. Rainfall values from the most frequent rainfall damage are at 30 mm/1 hr, 60 mm/3 hr, 70 mm/6 hr, and 110 mm/12 hr, respectively. The cumulative probability of damage occurrences of one in two due to heavy rain shows up at 20 mm/1 hr, 50 mm/3 hr, 80 mm/6 hr, and 110 mm/12 hr, respectively. When the relationship between threshold values of heavy rain warning and the possibility of rainfall damage is investigated, rainfall values for high connectivity between heavy rain warning criteria and the possibility of rainfall damage appear at 30 mm/1 hr, 50 mm/3 hr, 80 mm/6 hr, and 100 m/12 hr, respectively. It is proper to adopt the daily maximum precipitation intensity of 6 and 12 hours, because 6 hours rainfall might be include the concept of rainfall intensity for very-short-term and short-term unexpectedly happened rainfall and 12 hours rainfall could maintain the connectivity of the previous heavy rain warning system and represent long-term continuously happened rainfall. The optimum combinations of criteria for heavy rain warning of 6 and 12 hours are 80 mm/6 hr or 100 mm/12 hr, and 70 mm/6 hr or 110 mm/12 hr.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.333-344
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• 2024

Objective : Markers of neuroinflammation during ischemic stroke are well characterized, but additional markers of neural damage are lacking. The study identified associations of behavioral disorders after stroke with histologic neural damage and molecular biological change. Methods : Eight-week-old, 25 g male mice of the C57BL/6J strain were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce ischemic stroke. The control group was a healthy wild type (WT), and the experimental group were designed as a low severity MCAO1 and a high severity MCAO2 based on post-stroke neurological scoring. All groups underwent behavioral tests, realtime polymerase chain reaction, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze statistical significance between groups. Results : In TTC staining, MCAO1 showed 29.02% and MCAO2 showed 38.94% infarct volume (p<0.0001). The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (WT 0.44 vs. MCAO1 2.69 vs. MCAO2 5.02, p<0.0001). From the distance to target in the Barnes maze test, WT had a distance of 178 cm, MCAO1 had a distance of 276 cm, and MCAO2 had a distance of 1051 (p=0.0015). The latency to target was 13.3 seconds for WT, 27.9 seconds for MCAO1, and 87.9 seconds for MCAO2 (p=0.0007). Prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (p=0.0004). Doublecortin (Dcx) was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (p<0.0001). Conclusion : The study demonstrated that histological damage to neural cells and changes in brain mRNA expression were associated with behavioral impairment after ischemic stroke. Prox1 and Dcx may be biomarkers of neural damage associated with long-term cognitive decline, and increased expression at the mRNA level was consistent with neural damage and long-term cognitive dysfunction.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권8호
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• pp.1148-1152
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• 2012

The vegetable-based insulating oils are substitutes for mineral oils in oil-filled transformer. The important properties of vegetable insulating oil is their higher flash/fire point and biodegradability than conventional mineral oils. The large oil-filled transformer eliminate the risk of explosion and fire should the transformer fail and oil ignite owing to high flash/fire point of vegetable insulating oil. In addition, higher biodegradability of vegetable insulating oils can let the oil spill damage reduced. In this experiment, the real oil-filled transformers using mineral oil and vegetable oil have accelerated aging. After working on the 100% accelerated aging experiment were conducted comparing the transformer. The hottest-spot temperature using thermal coefficients were calculated to determin the degree of accelerated aging. As a result, apply mineral oil transformer in accordance with the accelerated aging life come to an end. In contrast, vegetable insulating oils showed the opposite characteristics. Vegetable insulating oil compared to the mineral oil are found to be an long life. As a result, the vegetable oil has a long-term stability.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.435-448
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• 2018

This paper reports the development of a theoretically rigorous method for permanent way engineers to assess the condition of railway ballast under a concrete sleeper with the potential to be extended to a smart system for long-term health monitoring of railway ballast. Owing to the uncertainties induced by the problems of modeling error and measurement noise, the Bayesian approach was followed in the development. After the selection of the most plausible model class for describing the damage status of the rail-sleeper-ballast system, Bayesian model updating is adopted to calculate the posterior PDF of the ballast stiffness at various regions under the sleeper. An obvious drop in ballast stiffness at a region under the sleeper is an evidence of ballast damage. In model updating, the model that can minimize the discrepancy between the measured and model-predicted modal parameters can be considered as the most probable model for calculating the posterior PDF under the Bayesian framework. To address the problems of non-uniqueness and local minima in the model updating process, a two-stage hybrid optimization method was developed. The modified evolutionary algorithm was developed in the first stage to identify the important regions in the parameter space and resulting in a set of initial trials for deterministic optimization to locate all most probable models in the second stage. The proposed methodology was numerically and experimentally verified. Using the identified model, a series of comprehensive numerical case studies was carried out to investigate the effects of data quantity and quality on the results of ballast damage detection. Difficulties to be overcome before the proposed method can be extended to a long-term ballast monitoring system are discussed in the conclusion.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.77-91
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• 2012

최근 우리나라는 국토의 고도 이용과 지역 간의 균형발전을 도모하기 위한 목적으로 택지 및 단지, 도로, 항만 및 공항 등의 건설이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 현재도 많은 공사들이 연약한 지반에서 실시되고 있다. 이로 인해 건설현장에서 지반의 장기침하, 파괴, 부등침하, 국지적인 구조물 손상 등의 공학적인 문제들이 지속적으로 보고되고 있다. 특히, 연약지반이 비교적 두껍게 발달한 서 남해안 지역과 내륙지역의 연약지반 위에 축조되는 각종 구조물, 도로 등의 경우 필연적으로 하중에 의한 지반의 장기침하가 발생하게 된다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 기존의 장기침하량 예측기법들인 쌍곡선법, 호시노법, $\sqrt{S}$법, 아사오카법 등의 지역별 적정 분석기법을 검토하는 한편, 일반화된 산정식의 도출을 통한 새로운 예측기법에 대한 연구를 수행하여 토질특성 및 시공조건에 대한 상관관계를 분석하고 장기적인 침하특성과의 연관계수를 도출하였다. 수식의 검증을 위해 16개 지역의 계측자료와 수치해석 결과를 비교 및 분석을 실시하였다.