• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2016

This research was conducted for major cultivated chestnut (Castanea spp.) in Korea to compare chestnut quality characteristics according to storage temperatures ($4^{\circ}C$ vs. $-1^{\circ}C$) and cultivars. Color, hardness, soluble solids content (SSC), rate of decay and sensory evaluation were investigated during 16 weeks storage. Cultivars 'Tsukuba' and 'Ishizuchi' showed the least pericarp color change while cultivars 'Riheiguri' and 'Daebo' showed the most pericarp color change during storage. Chestnut fruits stored at $-1^{\circ}C$ showed less pericarp color change than those stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Cultivars 'Arima' and 'Tanzawa' exhibited the decrease tendency of hardness with lowest hardness during storage at $-1^{\circ}C$. Chestnut fruits stored at $4^{\circ}C$ showed high hardness than those stored at $-1^{\circ}C$. Cultivars 'Riheiguri' showed the highest increase of SSC, while cultivar 'Arima' showed the lowest increase of SSC after 16 weeks of storage. The SSC increased in nuts from all cultivars at both temperatures, but nuts stored at $-1^{\circ}C$ showed higher increases in SSC than nuts stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Cultivars 'Ishizuchi' and 'Riheiguri' showed high rates of decayed nuts in contrast to cultivars 'Daebo', 'Okkwang' and 'Tanzawa' that showed low rates of decayed nuts during storage. The chestnut fruit stored at $-1^{\circ}C$ showed less decay than fruit stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Texture and sweetness were tested for sensory evaluation. Among the tested cultivars, 'Riheiguri', 'Daebo' and 'Tsukuba' showed hard texture and very sweetness, while 'Tanzawa' showed relatively soft texture. 'Arima' and 'Okkwang' showed weak sweetness during storage. Nuts stored at $4^{\circ}C$ exhibited harder texture than nuts stored at $-1^{\circ}C$ while $-1^{\circ}C$ exhibited more sweetness than nuts stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Chestnuts for hard texture and short-term storage (less than one month), $4^{\circ}C$ will be a proper storage temperature, while in order to store long-term (more than 4 month), $-1^{\circ}C$ will be a proper storage temperature. Result from this study provide base-line data of postharvest management for Korean cultivated chestnut as well as contributing increased product value and income for chestnut producers.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.103-127
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data regarding the problems of the employment training activities and their solutions by way of the research and analysis of the awareness of career development of university students and their preparation for employment opportunities. The results of the study are as follows. First, it is necessary that the students themselves make plans for future jobs and their preparation for them, from the start of their university work. This includes taking employment preparation courses as liberal arts requirements. It also needs to have a systematic association with some organizations such as employment preparation centers. Second, it is necessary that the career portfolios of university students be accepted as materials for objective evaluation so that the companies use them at the time of hiring new employees. If those materials are stored and managed in a database even after their graduation, they will be the strong foundation for the competitive power of the university.Third, it is necessary that university students establish the orientation of employment training in advance, according to their personal and disciplinary possibilities by diagnosing the level of basic employment ability they possess and that they find out the appropriate programs, both personal and disciplinary, to enforce the abilities they need to develop further. Accordingly, it is necessary to have an evaluation system in order to assess student's basic employment abilities, so as to increase the degree of their employment preparation and its support strategy based on the evaluation. Fourth, in the higher education level, university students' lower awareness (M=2.86) of their discipline satisfaction, their major selection, and the university's employment opportunity service shows that it is necessary that there be close connection between learning and work. For short-term purpose, the quantitative and qualitative evaluation must be preceded about the various employment training programs and self-development programs offered by the university. From the long-term perspective, it is urgently necessary that the university ensure the human resources development experts for the purpose of diagnosing employment services within the university.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.238-243
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• 2009

Background: Radiofrequency obliteration and endovenous laser therapy of the greater saphenous vein have recently been introduced as alternative, minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of saphenous vein incompetence. The 7 Fr. VNUS $ClosureFAST^{(R)}$ radiofrequency obliteration system was introduced in Gwang-Ju Veterans hospital. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and complications of radiofrequency obliteration using the 7 Fr. VNUS $ClosureFAST^{(R)}$ system. Material and Method: Between May 2, 2007 and May 31, 2008, we performed radiofrequency obliteration on 90 patients. The number of males was 67 and their mean age was $57.9{\pm}11.0$ (range: $23{\sim}78$) years old. The patients underwent follow up exams at 3 weeks after the procedures and then every 3 months. The effects of treatment and the complications were reviewed. Result: The postoperative complications were ecchymosis (94.4%), pain (27.8%), paresthesia (25.6%), bullous formation (8.9%), edema (6.7%) and phlebitis (2.2%). One patient showed good blood flow after 3 weeks and one patient showed good blood flow after 3 months. The one-year success rate of radiofrequency obliteration in varicose veins was 97.6%. Conclusion: Our data showed acceptable operative results and short-term clinical results for treating varicose veins with radio frequency obliteration. Long-term follow-up and comparison of radio frequency obliteration with high ligation and stripping, previous radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser therapy are needed in the future.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.939-945
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to report outcome of fetal infants with birth weight below 500 g known as lower limit of viability and to evaluate treatment characteristics and short-term morbidity of their survivors. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all fetal infants with birth weight below 500 g who were delivered at Samsung Medical Center(SMC), or transferred to neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) of SMC within 24 hrs after birth between 1994 and 2004. Data for all interventions and morbidity outcome were analyzed for infants who were admitted to the NICU and were compared between NICU survivors and deaths. Results : Among 53 infants with birth weights of 400 to 499 g who were born in SMC during the study period, 8(15.1%) infants were admitted to the NICU and one was transferred to NICU from other hospital. Overall, 4(44%) of 9 survived and were discharged from the NICU. The smallest infant who survived weighed 439 grams. The least gestational age was $23^{+3}$ among the survivors. Compared with NICU deaths, NICU survivors had larger gestational age($24^{+2}{\pm}1^{+3}$ vs. $25^{+4}{\pm}2^{+3}$) and birth weight($424{\pm}17$ vs. $453{\pm}19$)(P<0.05). Median survival duration of NICU deaths was 15 days. None of NICU survivors had severe IVH, but 3(75%) had laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respectively. Conclusion : Fetal infants with birth weight below 500 g known as lower limit of viability survived successfully. Study for their long-term follow-up will be needed to define our limit of viability and indication for their active resuscitation.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.227-240
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• 2011

New concepts and ideas often result from extensive recombination of existing concepts or ideas. Both researchers and developers build on existing concepts and ideas in published papers or registered patents to develop new theories and technologies that in turn serve as a basis for further development. As the importance of patent increases, so does that of patent analysis. Patent analysis is largely divided into network-based and keyword-based analyses. The former lacks its ability to analyze information technology in details while the letter is unable to identify the relationship between such technologies. In order to overcome the limitations of network-based and keyword-based analyses, this study, which blends those two methods, suggests the keyword network based analysis methodology. In this study, we collected significant technology information in each patent that is related to Light Emitting Diode (LED) through text mining, built a keyword network, and then executed a community network analysis on the collected data. The results of analysis are as the following. First, the patent keyword network indicated very low density and exceptionally high clustering coefficient. Technically, density is obtained by dividing the number of ties in a network by the number of all possible ties. The value ranges between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating denser networks and lower values indicating sparser networks. In real-world networks, the density varies depending on the size of a network; increasing the size of a network generally leads to a decrease in the density. The clustering coefficient is a network-level measure that illustrates the tendency of nodes to cluster in densely interconnected modules. This measure is to show the small-world property in which a network can be highly clustered even though it has a small average distance between nodes in spite of the large number of nodes. Therefore, high density in patent keyword network means that nodes in the patent keyword network are connected sporadically, and high clustering coefficient shows that nodes in the network are closely connected one another. Second, the cumulative degree distribution of the patent keyword network, as any other knowledge network like citation network or collaboration network, followed a clear power-law distribution. A well-known mechanism of this pattern is the preferential attachment mechanism, whereby a node with more links is likely to attain further new links in the evolution of the corresponding network. Unlike general normal distributions, the power-law distribution does not have a representative scale. This means that one cannot pick a representative or an average because there is always a considerable probability of finding much larger values. Networks with power-law distributions are therefore often referred to as scale-free networks. The presence of heavy-tailed scale-free distribution represents the fundamental signature of an emergent collective behavior of the actors who contribute to forming the network. In our context, the more frequently a patent keyword is used, the more often it is selected by researchers and is associated with other keywords or concepts to constitute and convey new patents or technologies. The evidence of power-law distribution implies that the preferential attachment mechanism suggests the origin of heavy-tailed distributions in a wide range of growing patent keyword network. Third, we found that among keywords that flew into a particular field, the vast majority of keywords with new links join existing keywords in the associated community in forming the concept of a new patent. This finding resulted in the same outcomes for both the short-term period (4-year) and long-term period (10-year) analyses. Furthermore, using the keyword combination information that was derived from the methodology suggested by our study enables one to forecast which concepts combine to form a new patent dimension and refer to those concepts when developing a new patent.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2002

Objective : To test if the intake of $H_2$ receptor antagonists ($H_2$-RAs) increases the risk of gastric cancer in the elderly. Methods : The source population for this study was drawn from the responders to a questionnaire survey administered to the Korea Elderly Pharmacoepidemiological Cohort (KEPEC), who were beneficiaries of the Korean Medical Insurance Corporation, were at least 65 years old, and residing in Busan in 1999. The information on $H_2$-RAs exposure was obtained from a drug prescription database compiled between inn. 1993 and Dec. 1994. The cases consisted of 76 gastric cancer patients, as confirmed from the KMIC claims data, the National Cancer Registry and the Busan Cancer Registry. The follow-up period was from Jan. 1993 to Dec. 1998. Cancer free controls were randomly selected by 1:4 individual matching, which took in to consideration the year of birth and gender. Information on confounders was collected by a mail questionnaire survey. The odds ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals, were calculated using a conditional logistic regression model. Results : After adjusting for a history of gastric ulcer symptoms, medication history, and body mass index, the adjusted OR (aOR) was 4.6 (95% CI=1.72-12.49). The odds ratio of long term use (more than 7 days) was 2.3 (95% CI=1.07-4.82). The odds ratio of short term use was 4.6 (95% CI=1.26-16.50). The odds ratio of parenteral use was 4.4 195% CI=1.16-17.05) and combination use between the oral and parenteral routes (aOR, 16.8; 95% CI=1.21-233.24) had the high risk of gastric cancer. The aOR of cimetidine was 1.7 (95% CI=1.04-2.95). The aOR of ranitidine was 2.0 (95% CI=1.21-3.40). The aOR of famotidine was 1.7 (95% CI=0.98-2.80). Conclusion : The intake of $H_2$-RAs might increase the risk of gastric cancer through achlorhydria in the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.spc
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• pp.35-41
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• 2008

Nutrient Enrichment Bioassays (NEBs) were conducted in the laboratory during June $22{\sim}28$, 2006 in order to determine primary limiting factor on the phytoplankton growth. For the NEBs, the water was sampled using a 10L polyethylene-lined container and dispensed into 2.5L container in the laboratory. The algal growths response in the control (C) and three treatments of phosphorus (P), 2-fold phosphorus (2P), and nitrate nitrogen $(NO_3-N)$ were monitored during 7 days. In the cubitainers which were spiked as P (T1) and 2P (T2) Chl-${\alpha}$ concentrations were decreased during the test period and the final concentrations was low than initial values. However, Chl-${\alpha}$ in the cubitainers which were spiked as $NO_3$(T3) and $P+NO_3$(T4) showed significant increases compared to the initial values, indicating that in the short-term experiments, nitrogen seemed to be a primary limiting nutrient during the periods of NEBs experiment. Long-term ambient nutrient data of TP and TN, and TN:TP mass ratios, however, showed a potential phosphorus limitation on phytoplankton growth and previous other researchers showed a variations of limiting nutrients by nitrogen or phosphorus depending on the seasons sampled and locations. In this study nitrogen as primary limiting nutrient in the NEBs seem to be an seasonal effect rather than the consistent nitrogen limitation.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.101-128
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• 2016

To improve competitiveness & performance for salesmen of small & medium IT company, this study aims not only to inspect how value orientation, leadership & justice make effects for Organizational Citizenship Behavior & Business Corporate Performance & but also to explore the role of adaptive selling practices as parameter. To support the study, the data collected from 314 employees in sales roles at more than 200 IT companies was processed via. regression analysis method. The research model of study lies at identification of 'the Effects of Value Orientation, Leadership, & Justice of/Posed by the Salesmen of a IT Company on Organizational Citizenship Behavior & Corporate Performance' based on the phenomena of unfair sales strategies rampantly being taken for short-term profits & survivals despite of the value of upholding business ethics to realize long-term, sustainable growth of a business of company. The hypotheses of this study are formulated as follows. First, value orientation, leadership, & justice shall have effects on organizational citizenship behavior & Corporate performance. Second, adaptive selling practices shall function as the parameters between the independent & dependent variables. The analysis results on the research, undertaken with verification of parametric effects, confirm the following: 1. Value orientation imposes positive (+) effects on adaptive selling practices which impose positive (+) impacts on organizational citizenship behavior & Corporate performance. 2. Adaptive selling practices function as a full parameter between value orientation & organizational citizenship behavior whilst functioning as a partial parameter between value orientation & Corporate performance. 3. Leadership imposes positive (+) effects on adaptive selling practices which impose positive (+) effects on organizational citizenship behavior & Corporate performance. 4. Adaptive selling practices function as a partial parameter between leadership & organizational citizenship behavior whilst functioning as a full parameter between leadership & Corporate performance. Therefore, this study is concluded that establishing & executing sales strategies in consideration of value orientation & fairness is of extreme importance for IT companies to realize & maintain their sustainable corporate management, & last but not least, it is necessary for IT companies to proactively introduce & provide educational systems for their salesmen thus to help them to uphold & sustain ethics & values of the business.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.22
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• pp.131-166
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• 2003

The opening of advertising market and introduction of the free competition doctrine make the competition harsher among advertising agencies. Advertising agencies do their best to execute their ad more efficiently and scientifically. But, it is the reality that broadcasting advertising industry in korea did not construct enough infrastructure to execute the systematic activities compared with that of advanced countries. So, we need to grasp the present conditions and draw a time-table to construct primarily necessary infrastructures. In case of hardware infrastructure in advertising industry, digitalization of broadcasting and convergence of broadcasting with telecommunication make it hurry to construct that. But as the ad agencies was in the situation to compete each other, they have a difficulty to construct common hardware infrastructure enthusiastically. Thus, it is necessary to build hardware infrastructure in advertising industry for policy. And the construction of that should be executed systematically not for the short term effects but for the long term objectives. Also, it is the most important to construct reliable Software infrastructure in advertising industry from all of ad agencies. In these days, ad agencies have a tendency not to believe the important information, like the data of ratings and advertising transaction information, in relation to the advertising activities. And they do not share and communicate about the information of the advertising industry trends, research trends, advertisement related information. So, it is also hurry to build the on-line and off-line database system. Finally, for the development of brainware infrastructure in advertising industry, it is the most necessary to activate the cooperation relation between university and advertising agencies. Universities need to invite experts in the advertising to teach the students practical knowledge and ad agencies to recruit students who want to develop their carrier in the advertising industries. In conclusion, advertising industry in korea to solve these tasks for the development of advertising industry infrastructure in the way of cooperation and harmony of each other rationally and efficiently.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.559-567
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the hydrological characteristics of groundwater level change and rainfall hydrological runoff processes caused by tunnel construction at Milbot bog located in Mt. Cheonseong. Data were collected from July 2004 to May 2008. The results were summarized as follows: The occurrence time of the direct runoff caused by unit rainfall at the Milbot bog were tended to be slower than those at general mountainous basin. Also, runoff did not sensitively respond to amount of rainfall at the most of the long and short term hydrograph. The annual runoff rates from 2004 to 2008 were 0.26, 0.13, 0.16, 0.25 and 0.27, respectively, slightly increased after 2005 regardless of the tunnel construction. Thus, the function of Milbot bog will be weakened, and it supposed to be changed to land in the future because of increasing annual runoff. The annual runoff rate for 4 years was 0.19, which is greatly lower than that of general mountainous basin. The recession coefficient of the direct runoff in short term hydrograph was ranged to 0.89~0.97, which is much larger than that of the general mountainous basin, 0.2~0.8. The recession coefficient of base flow ranged from 0.93 to 0.99, which are similar to general mountainous watershed's values. Groundwater level of Milbot bog increased or decreased in proportion to rainfall intensity, and in the descending time after the groundwater level was reached at peak point, it tends to be decreased very slowly. Also, groundwater level increased or decreased maintaining relatively high value after precedent rainfall. Groundwater level was highest during summer with heavy rainfall, but was lowest during winter. Average groundwater levels decreased annually from 2004 to 2008, -8.48 cm, -14.60 cm, -20.46 cm, -20.11 cm, -28.59 cm, respectively. Therefore, it seems that the Milbot bog is becoming dry and losing its function as a bog.