• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2006

This study is intended to develop an economic feasibility methodology of A/R CDM projects based on two project cases in China and Vietnam and to evaluate the project profitability from the view point of credit type selection between temporary CER (tCER) and long term CER (lCER) as well as from the aspect of CER prices by using indicators IRR, the year in which a single year profit is achieved and the year in which the accumulated deficit is cleared. For A/R CDM projects of industrial plantations, tCER is more suitable than lCER. Profitability of A/R CDM projects depend on the price of wood and CERs. In the case that the project participants take responsibility for replacement of credits to make the price of their CERs at higher levels, thus the project may not be feasible as a CDM project. However, minimum required tCER prices without replacement are 11US$/t $CO_2$, thus the project may be feasible under the future carbon market scheme.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2007

Potentials of AR CDM project in North Korea are assessed and feasible land area for AR CDM project is estimated. According to our estimation, There could be 515,000 hectares of forest lands deforested before 1990 in North Korea and 8,854 hectares at the regional level of Gae-sung City, which are eligible for AR CDM project, based on researches of satellite image analyses conducted from 1980's to 1990's. A baseline scenario assumed 44.73 tones of carbon stored in soil per hectare with no vegetation above ground remained during the project period following the default value of IPCC's Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF considering soil structure, climate and land use of the project area. The scenario also assumes that black rocust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is planted and the CDM project is implemented for 20 years. The costs for producing greenhouse gases CER (certified emission reduction) credits include costs of tree planting and forest management, and costs of project negotiation and transactions for issuing the credits. It is estimated that 376 tones of carbon dioxide per hectare can be accumulated and 503 temporary CER credits per hectare and 265 long-term CER credits per hectare could be produced during the project period. It is estimated to cost US$ 4.04 and US$ 7.67 to provide one unit of temporary credit and long-term credit, respectively. These values can be regarded as the cost of conferring emission commitment of a country or a private entity. However, it is not clear which option is better economically because the replacement periods are different in these two cases.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.488-495
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• 2021

We propose a speech recognition system based on conformer. Conformer is known to be convolution-augmented transformer, which combines transfer model for capturing global information with Convolution Neural Network (CNN) for exploiting local feature effectively. The baseline system is developed to be a transfer-based speech recognition using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based language model. The proposed system is a system which uses conformer instead of transformer with transformer-based language model. When Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) speech corpus in AI-Hub is used for our evaluation, the proposed system yields 5.7 % of Character Error Rate (CER) while the baseline system results in 11.8 % of CER. Even though speech corpus is extended into other domain of AI-hub such as NHNdiguest speech corpus, the proposed system makes a robust performance for two domains. Throughout those experiments, we can prove a validation of the proposed system.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.123-133
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• 2013

Green infrastructure projects have the potential to reduce global warming and deliver sustainable energy solutions. Recently, the construction industry has been expanding their portfolios in New and Renewable (NRE) projects. However, the economic feasibility of NRE projects have not been validated and construction companies are not acquainted with their associated risks. This research performed a two-tiered feasibility study of the domestic projects registered for CDM in the UNFCCC. The first phase involved calculating the average IRR and NPV of the domestic CDM projects, which showed that their profitability to be very low. In the second phase, four NRE projects (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Landfill Gas) were selected and additional income generated from Feed-in-Tariff and CER sales were added to determine the improvements in the projects' IRR and NPV. Results indicate that Solar and Landfill Gas projects benefited the most from the two support mechanisms, while benefits to Wind and Hydro projects were minimal. While the Landfill Gas project had the highest IRR, the Wind project was the most investment attractive due to its NPV and minimal dependency on FiT and CER sales. Construction companies should enter into NRE projects with a long term view as related technologies mature.