• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.427-432
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• 2019

Objectives: In Indonesia, 61 million adults smoked in 2018, and 59 million were exposed to secondhand smoke at offices or restaurants in 2011. The Presidential Decree 109/2012 encouraged local governments to implement a smoke-free policy (SFP), and the city of Jayapura enacted a local bill (1/2015) to that effect in 2015. This study aimed to evaluate compliance with this bill and to explore challenges in implementing it. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study. Quantitatively, we assessed compliance of facilities with 6 criteria (per the bill): the presence of signage, the lack of smoking activity, the lack of sale of tobacco, the lack of tobacco advertisements, the lack of cigarette smoke, and the lack of ashtrays. We surveyed 192 facilities, including health facilities, educational facilities, places of worship, government offices, and indoor and outdoor public facilities. Qualitatively, we explored challenges in implementation by interviewing 19 informants (government officers, students, and community members). Results: The rate of compliance with all 6 criteria was 17% overall, ranging from 0% at outdoor public facilities to 50% at health facilities. Spatial patterning was absent, as shown by similar compliance rates for SFP facilities within a 1-km boundary around the provincial and city health offices compared to those outside the boundary. Implementation challenges included (1) a limited budget for enforcement, (2) a lack of support from local non-governmental organizations and universities, (3) a lack of public awareness at the facilities themselves, and (4) a lack of examples set by local leaders. Conclusions: Overall compliance was low in Jayapura due to many challenges. This information provides lessons regarding tobacco control policy in underdeveloped areas far from the central government.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.743-755
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• 2018

Tunnel is a semi-closed structure similar to underground space where the smoke generated from fire fills the space fast while escaping from the space slow. Because of such characteristics, when the fire breaks out by traffic accident, the vehicles are jammed making it difficult for the people to evacuate from the scene as well as for the fire engine to gain access to the scene. For such reasons, tunnels are globally categorized into some disaster classes for differentiated facilities and operation approaches. In Korea, less than a 1 km-long tunnel accounts for 80.0% and such a short tunnel which is categorized into Class III is not required to have smoke control system. In this study, a full-scale fire test was conducted in a bid to apply air curtain system using heat-resistant sirocco fan to a less than 1 km-long tunnel. To that end, heat resistance test to verify the normal operation at $250^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes was conducted. Consequently, despite of rapid rising-temperature and increasing-carbon dioxide inside the air curtain (direction of fire in tunnel), initial condition was found to have been sustained outside the air curtain (opposite direction of fire in tunnel).

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Visibility is very poor in tunnel fire because of confined space where the fire may easily lead to the mass casuality incident because of fast smoke spread. In this test, air curtain and the fan were installed at rescue station in a bid to make use of rescue station in safe way during the train fire in undersea tunnel and a full-scale fire test was conducted to identify the applicability of air curtain system. Air curtain system was installed at a real rescue station and the test was continued for 2 minutes till heptane which was used as fire source was completely burned out. When air curtain was working, difference in temperature between inside and outside the platform was $160^{\circ}C$ and carbon monoxide measured inside the platform was less than the case of no air curtain system by 160 ppm. Thus a full-scale fire test demonstrated that the air curtain system installed at rescue station in undersea tunnel was able to effectively block the heat and smoke generated from the fire.