• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.103-106
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• 2008

This study is intended to evaluate the characteristics of smoke spreading and the appropriateness of evacuation time extended by operation of smoke control system during fire within the underground space of the building structured in compliance with the smoke control system performance criteria from the local fire safety standard, which has been currently applied to the buildings in Korea. Using the heat release per unit weight of the combustibles, a numerical analysis both in case of smoke control system in operation and the system not in operation was carried out at the several different shopping malls. From the viewpoint of securing the evacuation time, the results were compared in an attempt to assess the appropriateness of the fire safety criteria.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.427-432
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• 2019

Objectives: In Indonesia, 61 million adults smoked in 2018, and 59 million were exposed to secondhand smoke at offices or restaurants in 2011. The Presidential Decree 109/2012 encouraged local governments to implement a smoke-free policy (SFP), and the city of Jayapura enacted a local bill (1/2015) to that effect in 2015. This study aimed to evaluate compliance with this bill and to explore challenges in implementing it. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study. Quantitatively, we assessed compliance of facilities with 6 criteria (per the bill): the presence of signage, the lack of smoking activity, the lack of sale of tobacco, the lack of tobacco advertisements, the lack of cigarette smoke, and the lack of ashtrays. We surveyed 192 facilities, including health facilities, educational facilities, places of worship, government offices, and indoor and outdoor public facilities. Qualitatively, we explored challenges in implementation by interviewing 19 informants (government officers, students, and community members). Results: The rate of compliance with all 6 criteria was 17% overall, ranging from 0% at outdoor public facilities to 50% at health facilities. Spatial patterning was absent, as shown by similar compliance rates for SFP facilities within a 1-km boundary around the provincial and city health offices compared to those outside the boundary. Implementation challenges included (1) a limited budget for enforcement, (2) a lack of support from local non-governmental organizations and universities, (3) a lack of public awareness at the facilities themselves, and (4) a lack of examples set by local leaders. Conclusions: Overall compliance was low in Jayapura due to many challenges. This information provides lessons regarding tobacco control policy in underdeveloped areas far from the central government.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.478-481
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• 2011

This study is intended to evaluate and optimize the characteristics of smoke spreading and the appropriateness of evacuation time extended by operation of smoke control system during fire within the underground space of the building structured in compliance with the smoke control system performance criteria from the local fire safety standard, which has been currently applied to the buildings in Korea. Using the heat release per unit weight of the combustibles, a numerical analysis both in case of smoke control system in operation and the system not in operation was carried out at the several different shopping malls. From the viewpoint of securing the evacuation time, the results were compared in an attempt to assess the appropriateness of the fire safety criteria.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2005

Objectives: This study measured the extent of local legislators' support for tobacco control policies and identified the predictors of that. Methods: Local legislators, from 21 Gu in Seoul Metropolitan City, underwent a self-administrated questionaire during the 6-week period from December 1, 2004 to January 15, 2005. Multiple linear regression model was used to assess relationships between five groups of variables(political factors including political ideology, personal characteristics, tobacco experiences, tobacco knowledge, contact with local health officers) and support for tobacco control policies based on an 11-item scale. Results: The rates of support for 'penalizing merchants who sell cigarettes to minors' and 'instituting a law mandating that parents should not smoke in a car when children are present' were highest as 87.5% and 82.0% respectively, and those for 'increasing price of cigarettes' and 'regulating stores that sell cigarettes' were lowest as 52.2% and 51.7% respectively. Support was higher among local legislators who thought government had a duty to promote healthy life styles, knew second-hand smoke could cause lung cancer, knew tobacco caused more deaths than alcohol. Support among ex-smokers and nonsmokers was higher than current smokers. Conclusions: The findings indicate that local legislators who oppose tobacco control measures may not be opposed to tobacco control per se, but are more generally opposed to a government role in health promotion, Thus, Tobacco control advocates need to be more attentive to the way tobacco control issues are framed for particular legislators. Further, they could work to increase tobacco knowledge among local legislators.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.356-362
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• 2008

This study is intended to evaluate the characteristics of smoke spreading and the appropriateness of evacuation time extended by operation of smoke control system during fire within the underground space of the building structured in compliance with the smoke control system performance criteria from the local fire safety standard in Korea. As a preceding review of this study, the combustibles was categorized and identified their heat release rates. For validate the estimated values, modeling a single underground shop was carried out. And a numerical analysis both in case of smoke control system in operation and the system not in operation was carried out of underground space. From the viewpoint of securing the evacuation time, the results were compared in an attempt to assess the appropriateness of the fire safety criteria.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.269-278
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• 2004

Recently, critical velocity has become a topic to attract most interests from the researchers in the field of tunnel safety. As the minimum velocity to prevent smoke backlayering during a fire, many equations have been proposed so far, and the following three equations are being considered as a standard method in Korea to calculate the capacity of smoke extraction fans. Equation by Kennedy based on Froude number, Tetzner' s equation with additional variable, ${\beta}$ to modify the Kennedy's equation, and the equation with the concept of super critical velocity by Wu are studied in this paper for the comparative purpose. A contour map describing the relationship between the critical velocity and the capacity of smoke extraction fans is proposed as a tool to calculate the number of jet fans for smoke control during a fire in the local tunnels.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.52-58
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• 2017

This study investigated the pressure difference distribution and the flow characteristics among room, ancillary room, and stair case by carrying out the numerical simulations on the air flow inside the pressurized air supply smoke control system. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze pressure and velocity distribution of compartments by pressurized air supply for the air-leakage test facility which was built to measure the effective leakage area. In this study, the leakage of air was considered by locating the narrow slit onto fire door and window of room. Simulated results using this method precisely followed the previous experimental results for the pressure differences between the stair case and ancillary room. Predicted results showed that the local leakage of air rarely affected the overall flow pattern and pressure distribution. Although the average velocity over the door between room and ancillary room satisfied the regulation for fire safety, it was certified the unsafe outflow to ancillary room could be occurred in the local position such as the upper part of the door.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5820-5825
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to verify the suitability or unsuitability of Korean body types by measuring the opening force criteria of an air pressurized access door to a smoke control zone. The opening force criteria were verified by comparing the NFSC 501A, NFPA 92A and BS-EN 12101-6 based on the body standards information from the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards. When measuring the opening forces, the posture of the body should be standing upright and pushing an access door with the right hand, which is a criterion for designing doors. As a result of analyzing the actual measurement results, the pushing force of men and women in their 30's was the maximum value and the forces in those in their 60's was the minimum value. In addition, the deviations in the pushing forces varied considerably. As a result of comparing the NFSC 501A, the men showed lower values than the criteria in every gender and age variable except for the 20's, 30's and 50's variable. A comparison of the criteria of NFPA 92A showed that the mean of the measured values from every gender and age was also lower than the criteria. In addition, when comparing the criteria of BS-EN 12101-6, it was found that the men in every age variable were higher than the criteria. On the other hand, the women in every age variable were lower than the criteria. Therefore, considering the Korean body type against the Western body type, it was decided that the opening force of an access door to a smoke control area to make a downward adjustment should be 110 N in the local criteria. Furthermore, the criteria should consider the characteristics of buildings and users because an optional application of the international standard is not necessarily suitable for local situations.

• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-28
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• 2019

Hefei has suffered from heavy air pollution, especially car exhaust and industry emissions. The smoke contains PM2.5 and PM10. These smoke will enter people's bodies and have a bad impact on the human body. This review is about PM2.5. This review covers the sources and hazards of PM2.5. It introduces the use of modelling methods to analyze PM2.5 pollution in various places and proposes treatment measures. These cities were heavily polluted by PM2.5, and after the local government's management and renovation, there has been a significant improvement. However, there are still many shortcomings in the process of pollution improvement. This review combines the means used in the process of pollution prevention and control in Handan City, Beijing. Hefei now suffers from some of the same pollution as these cities did in the past.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.743-755
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• 2018

Tunnel is a semi-closed structure similar to underground space where the smoke generated from fire fills the space fast while escaping from the space slow. Because of such characteristics, when the fire breaks out by traffic accident, the vehicles are jammed making it difficult for the people to evacuate from the scene as well as for the fire engine to gain access to the scene. For such reasons, tunnels are globally categorized into some disaster classes for differentiated facilities and operation approaches. In Korea, less than a 1 km-long tunnel accounts for 80.0% and such a short tunnel which is categorized into Class III is not required to have smoke control system. In this study, a full-scale fire test was conducted in a bid to apply air curtain system using heat-resistant sirocco fan to a less than 1 km-long tunnel. To that end, heat resistance test to verify the normal operation at $250^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes was conducted. Consequently, despite of rapid rising-temperature and increasing-carbon dioxide inside the air curtain (direction of fire in tunnel), initial condition was found to have been sustained outside the air curtain (opposite direction of fire in tunnel).