• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the level of family support, job stress in clinical nurses end identify the participant's individual characteristics that influenced each of them. Methods: This study was a descriptive correlational study. The participants were 192 clinical nurses working in local middle range hospitals. The data were collected from May to June, 2013 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson's correlation by PASW statistics20. Results: The item mean score for family support was 21.01 and job stress was 98.89. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between family support and job stress (r=-.12). The level of job stress differed according to age (p=.014), duration of career (p=.013), department area (p<.001), position (p=.005), work duty form (p<.001), family member (p=.021), burden (p=.031), marital status (p=.001) and satisfaction (p<.001). Conclusion: Family support is needed to reduce job stress. Also, job satisfaction improvement programs and effective working systems should be developed to decrease the nurse's workplace stress.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2002

Backgrounds and objective : EEG reflect dynamic changes of continuous neuronal activities by internal and external stimuli. The aim of this study is to quantify nonlinearly the local dynamic differences among EEG data corresponding to different states of brain. Methods : EEG was recorded from twelve healthy normal subjects(mean age, 29.7 years; 8 men and 4 women) using digital EEG machine. 18-channel EEG data were selected during eyes closed(EC), eyes open(EO), and mental arithmetic(MA) in each subject. Correlation dimension(D2) and largest Lyapunov exponent(LLE) were calculated from three states and average value was mapped 2 dimensionally and compared with each other. Results : The distribution of D2 was relatively symmetric and its value was higher in frontal than in parieto-occipital region during EC. These findings were reversed during EO. Bilateral centro-temporo-parietal region showed high D2 value in MA compared with those in EC, which was more prominent in left side. LLE was larger than zero in all state and showed significant differences among EC, EO and MA(p=0.000). Conclusion : These results suggest that nonlinear analysis of EEG can quantify dynamic state of brain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.98-101
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• 1996

Background: Lumbar epidural steroid injection for relief of low back pain and sciatica has become a popular procedure. further, cervical epidural steroid injection with nerve block (CESNB) is known to be effective for the management of acute and chronic pain of neck, shoulder and arm. However, many anesthesiologists are not familiar with CESNB. Methods: Charts of 34 patients who had undergone 60 cervical epidural steroid injections over a three year period, 1993 to 1995, were reviewed. We studied the followings: initial visit and department, injected interspaces, personal characteristics, indications for injection and complications. Results: Patients' first visits were mainly to orthopaedics (11 patients) and neurosurgery (10 patients). Epidural injection sites were: C7-T1 interspace (29 patients) and C6-C7 interspace (6 patients). Mean age of patients were 50.1 years. range 21~73 years. There were twenty male and fourteen female patients. Complications varied from dizziness after CESNB (1 patient). loss of consciousness with transient apnea (2 patients), and local infection with suspicious meningitis (1 patient). Conclusion: We conclude from the above data that CESNB is a good, safe and conservative form of therapeutic procedure in the management of patients suffering from cervical radiculopathy, and neck and shoulder pain.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.222-222
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• 2009

Primary malignant bone tumors of the scapula are very rare, and little literature is available regarding their characteristics and outcome. We studied the clinical characteristics, and outcome of patients with primary malignant bone tumors of the scapula. From 1979 to 2008, we treated 7 patients at our institute (4 men and 3 women; chondrosarcoma 3, Ewing's sarcomas 3, Osteosarcoma 1). The mean age was 45 years (range, 5~65 years). The follow-up period was 2 - 180 months. Six patients were performed operations: total scapulectomy 3, partial scapulectomy 1, forequarter resection 1, total resection of the shoulder girdle (Tikhoff-Linberg procedure) 1. No-operative treatment was chosen for one patient with a limited life expectancy. Local recurrence occurred in one patient. Distant metastasis occurred in 3 patients. Of the 7 patients, 4 patients are died because of propagation of the disease. Three patients were alive and apparently disease-free, and these patients were evaluated for functional results with the functional evaluation system of the International Society of Limb Salvage (ISOLAS). Functional result of partial scapulectomy was excellent, however, the function after total scapulectomy or Tikhoff-Linberg procedure is severely impaired. Our study indicates reconstruction procedure needs to be reconsidered following total scapulectomy or Tikhoff-Linberg procedure.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2008

Objective: This clinical research is conducted to find out coping strategies and anxiety of patients with chronic pain, and the correlation between pain coping strategy and anxiety. Method: 50 subjects who came to the local oriental clinic answered the questionnaires about VPMI(Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory) and SAS(The Self-rating Anxiety Scale). Then we researched the characteristics of pain coping strategies and the correlation. Results: 1. The mean scores of passive coping, active coping, and SAS are 29.62, 17.90, and 38.32 respectively. 2. In the analysis of nonparametric test, the female subjects tend to take more passive coping than the male. The older subjects tend to take less active coping than the younger. Subjects who reported more intense pain tend to take more passive coping. 3. There is significant difference between passive coping and anxiety. Conclusion: Pain coping strategies are related with age, sex, intensity of pain, and anxiety. The therapeutic intervention of decreasing passive coping and increasing active coping may be useful to manage the chronic pain. Further study is needed to find out more adequate inquiries of active coping.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.229-232
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• 2016

Mammary gland tumors are very rare in male dogs. In this study, four mammary gland tumors from 3 male dogs (2 intact, 1 neutered) were collected from local animal hospitals. The dogs included two purebred Shih Tzu (1 intact, 1 neutered) and one intact purebred Cocker Spaniel. The mean age of dogs with mammary gland tumors was 9 years (5-12 years). Two dogs had a solitary mass, whereas one dog had two mammary masses. Of the four tumor masses, three were observed in the fourth or fifth mammary glands, and one was observed in the third mammary gland. According to histopathologic examinations, all four mammary masses from three dogs were benign tumors including two benign mixed tumors in one case and two complex adenomas. There were no history of obesity, testicular tumors, diabetes, and sex hormonal therapy in any male dogs with mammary tumors. Surgical excision was the only reported treatment for these tumors. No recurrence or metastasis was recorded up to 25 months after surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 1994

Thirty cases of Kikuchi's lymphadenitis, diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology, were reviewed to determine the main cytologic features helpful in reaching a diagnosis. The patients(mean age 26.6 years, male: female = 1:3.8) presented with lymphadenopathy (cervical 24, submandibular 3, and axillary 1) with or without fever and local tenderness. Excisional biopsy was done for confirmation in 5 cases and the remaining 25 cases showed the similar cytologic and clinical features. In the aspiration smears of all cases, there was a heterogenous celluar mixture including frequent extracellular karyorrhectic nuclear debris, phagocytic histiocytes, plasmacytoid monocytes, and a variable number of polymorphous lymphocytes such as immunoblasts, activated large lymphocytes, and small mature lymphocytes. The characteristic cytologic features of Kikuchi's lymphadenitis were the following: (1) frequent extracelluar karyorrhectic nuclear debris in the background : (2) phagocytic histiocytes with eccentrically placed crescentic nuclei and abundant pale cytoplasm containing phagocytized karyorrhectic debris : (3) plasmacytoid monocytes, which were medium-sized cells with eccentrically placed round nuclei and amphophilic cytoplasm : (4) no neutrophilic background.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2008

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the necessity of distant pedicled flap in the treatment of soft tissue defects in the hand. Materials and Methods: Distant pedicled flap was performed in the 25 hands of 25 patients from 2000 to 2004. There were 20 males and 5 females and mean age was 34 years. The surgery was done for electrical burns in 13 patients, flame burns in 8 patients and crushing injuies in 4 patients. Results: We have performed 25 distant pedicled flaps for the coverage of soft tissue defects in the hands when local and free flaps were unavailable. Soft tissue coverages by distant pedicled flap were completely successful in all the 25 hands. No complication such as total flap loss, marginal flap loss and infection occurred. Conclusion: Distant pedicled flaps were very useful alternative method in the treatment of soft tissue defect in the hand.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.452-457
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• 2008

We performed a study on the contaminant transfer in a clean space for the location of product and fan filter unit using computational fluid dynamics analysis. To simplify the real product moving process, three different non-moving cases regrading the locations of product were selected: no product, at the lower side, and at the upper and lower sides. And to investigate the characteristics of the contaminant transfer, the arrangement of fan filter units was varied. Local mean air-age and contaminant distribution were used as evaluation indices. From the results, the contaminant transfer to the product was the most when the products were simultaneously located at the upper and lower sides. And the contaminant was easily exhausted regardless of the location of product when the fan filter units were properly arranged at the top side of the clean space.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2011

Background: Circumcision is a painful intervention frequently performed in pediatric surgery. We aim to compare the efficacy of caudal block versus dorsal penile block (DPNB) under general anesthesia for children undergoing circumcision. Methods: This study was performed between July 1, 2009 and October 16, 2009. Fifty male children American Society of Anesthesiolgists physical status classification I, aged between 3 and 12 were included in this randomized, prospective, comparative study. Anesthetic techniques were standardized for all children. Patients were randomized into 2 groups. Using 0.25% 0.5 ml/kg levobupivacain, we performed DPNB for Group 1 and caudal block for Group 2. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated for six hours with the Flacc Pain Scale for five categories; (F) Face, (L) Legs, (A) Activity, (C) Cry, and (C) Consolability. For every child, supplemental analgesic amounts, times, and probable local or systemic complications were recorded. Results: No significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05) was found in mean age, body weight, anesthesia duration, FLACC pain, and sedation scores (P > 0.05). However, on subsequent measurements, a significant decrease of pain and sedation scores was noted in both the DPNB group and the caudal block group (P < 0.001). No major complication was found when using either technique. Conclusions: DPNB and caudal block provided similar postoperative analgesic effects without major complications for children under general anesthesia.