• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1986

Thirty-six patients with carcinoma of the tonsillar region treated with radical radiotherapy at Yonsei Cancer Center between Jan. 1971 and Dec. 1980 were retrospectively reviewed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical characteristics and the treatment results. Seventy-five per cent of patients were in advanced stage when they were first seen. Incidence of nodal involvement at the time of initial presentation was $64\%$. Bilateral nodal involvement was found in $19\%$ of cases. Three-year local control rates for T1, T2, T3, and T4 were $88\%,\;46\%,\;25\%,\;and\;11\%$, respectively. Advanced neck nodes were poorly controlled $(N1\;70\%,\;N2\;20\%,\;N3\;12\%)$. The prognosis is mainly affected by the status of the primary and neck nodes Overall three-year local control rate was $42\%$.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.117-121
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• 1994

In spite of remarkable improvement of surgical skills and anesthesia, local failure still occurred in 36-45$ \% $ of locally advanced colorectal cancer after curative resection with or without pre-or post-operative irradiation. Intraoperative radiation therapy(IORT) is the ideal modality which resectable lesions are removed surgically 3nd the remaining cancer nests are sterilized by irradiation during a surgical procedure. Therefore, the excellent local control without the damage of the adjacent normal tissues can be achieved. In IORT, judicious set up of the treatment cone on the treatment surface of the patient is required for accurate and homogenous dose distribution within treatment field, especially on the slopping surface of sacrum and pelvic sidewall which are the common sites of the local recurrence in rectal cancer. For this purpose, adequate co-ordination of gantry rotation and table tilting are essential. Adjusting gantry rotation is not difficult but tilting of the table is impossible inconventional treatment couch. Department of Therapeutic Radiology in Yeungnam University Medical Center developed the IORT table for colorectal cancer which is easy to set up and detach on the Linac treatment couch within 5 minutes. The range of tilting with head-up and head-down is about 30 degree which is efficient and easy-to-use, not only for IORT but also for colorectal surgery. So far, authors performed IORT with newly developed treatment table in 2 patients with rectal cancer and we found that this newly developed table could contribute in improving the dose distribution of IORT and surgical procedure for colorectal cancer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1997

Purpose : We analyzed the survival and failure patterns of cervix cancer patients treated with irradiation alone to evaluate our treatment method and to compare with the others Methods and Materials : Two hundred and twenty cervical cancer patients, Stage IB, II A, and II B who completed the planned treatment between Mar 1987 and December 1991 were analyzed retrospectively. The Stage IB patients were restaged to the Stage IB1 and IB2 by the recently revised FIGO classification, Patients were treated with a combination of external irradiation and the intracavitary brachytherapy Determination of the tumor control was done at the time of 6 months Postirradiation. The follow-up time was ranged from 3 to 115 months and the mean was 62 months and the follow-up rate was $93.6\%$(206/220) Results : The overall 5-year survival rate of Stage IB1 (N=50), IB2(N: 15). II A(N=58), and II B(N=97) was $94\%,\;87\%,\;69\%,\;and\;56\%$. respectively. In the univariate analysis of prognostic factors, stage(0.00), initial Hg level (P=0.00), initial TA-4(tumor-associated) antigen level(p= 0.02), initial CEA level(p=0.02), barrel-shaped tumor(p=0.02), whole cervical involvement (0.00), pelvic tyrnphadenopathy(LAP) in CT(p=0.04), and Post-irradiation adiuvant chemotherapy(P=0.00) were statistically significant in survival analysis. In a while multivariate analysis showed that the stage was the most powerful Prognostic indicator and the Post-irradiation chemotherapy factor also showed the statistical significance. The overall local control rate was $81\%$ and by the stage, $100\%$ in Stage IBI, $86.7\%$ in Stage IBS, $84.5\%$ in Stage IIA, and $68.1\%$ in Stage IIB, respectively The overall tumor recurrence rate was $15.5\%$(27/174) and by the stage, $8\%$(4/50) in Stage IB1, $0\%$(0/l3) in Stage IB2, $22.4\%$(l1/49) in Stage II A, and $19.4\%$(12/62) in Stage II B, respectively. Conclusions : We obtained the similar treatment results to the other's ones in early stage cervical cancer patients. But in Stage II B, the local control rate was lower than that of the other institutes and also the survival was poorer. So it seems to be necessary to reevaluate the treatment method in advanced cervical cancer patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 2015

Purpose: We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of repeated high dose 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Between 1998 and 2011, 45 patients received hepatic re-irradiation with high dose 3D-CRT in Samsung Medical Center. After excluding two ineligible patients, 43 patients were retrospectively reviewed. RT was delivered with palliative or salvage intent, and equivalent dose of 2 Gy fractions for ${\alpha}/{\beta}=10Gy$ ranged from $31.25Gy_{10}$ to $93.75Gy_{10}$ (median, $44Gy_{10}$). Tumor response and toxicity were evaluated based on the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) ver. 4.0. Results: The median follow-up duration was 11.2 months (range, 4.1 to 58.3 months). An objective tumor response rate was 62.8%. The tumor response rates were 81.0% and 45.5% in patients receiving ${\geq}45Gy_{10}$ and $<45Gy_{10}$, respectively (p = 0.016). The median overall survival (OS) of all patients was 11.2 months. The OS was significantly affected by the Child-Pugh class as 14.2 months vs. 6.1 months (Child-Pugh A vs. B, p < 0.001), and modified Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) T stage as 15.6 months vs. 8.3 months (T1-3 vs. T4, p = 0.004), respectively. Grade III toxicities were developed in two patients, both of whom received ${\geq}50Gy_{10}$. Conclusion: Hepatic re-irradiation may be an effective and tolerable treatment for patients who are not eligible for further local treatment modalities, especially in patients with Child-Pugh A and T1-3.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.27
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• pp.283-316
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• 2004

This study examines different news frames of local newspapers reporting the controversial 'Nu[lear Waste Site' issues which deeply split regions showing their intention to bid for the state affair. Three local papers were analyzed for this study, "Gwang-Ju-Il-bo" "Mae-il-sin-mun" and "Jun-buk-il-bo." Overall, the three local papers displayed widely divergent main news frames on the same issue. Firstly, "Gwang-Ju-Il-bo", and "Mae-il-sln-mun" showed the strong tendency of using 'counter frame' while "Jun-buk-il-bo" exhibited 'loral development frame'. Secondly, "Gwang-Ju-Il-bo", and "Mae-il-sin-mun" were frequently headlined 'Nuclear Waste Site', while "Jun-buk-il-bo" carried headlines 'Radioactive Waste Management Facility' overwhelmingly more often than the other two papers, indicating that headline key words are closely associated with the configuration of news frames. Thirdly, the main news frames remained consistent for "Gwang-Ju-Il-bo", and "Mae-il-sin-mun" even after the government's report about the possible connection of 'ion-beam irradiation-accelator' and 'Nuclear Waste Site.' On the other hand, "Jun-buk-il-bo" was significantly less headlined 'Nuclear Waste Site' while significantly more headlined "Radioactice Waste Management Facility." "Jun-Buk-il-bo" which is in stark contrast to the other two papers changed in its tone by increasing the 'local development frame' with decrease in the 'counter frame.' The "Jun-buk-il-bo"'s more frequent use of 'Radioactive Waste Management Facility' as a headline than "Nuclear Waste Management Equipment" is seen as its attempt to minimize negative image of Nuclear Waste and to promote favorable public opinion by highlighting aspects of economic benefits and the local development the construction would brind about. The major findings of this study further support the claim that media overage ends up a reality. The fact that Buan in Jun-buk Province made a successful bid for the construction is not a coincidence.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 1988

One hundred fifty-four patients with the carcinoma of the uterine cervix were studied retrospectively to assess the result and impact of treatment at Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University, Hae-Wha Hospital from Feb 1981 through Dec. 1986. Prior to radiotherapy, the patients were evaluated and staged by recommendation of FIGO including physical examination, pelvic examination, cystoscopy, rectosigmoidoscopy, chest X-ray, IVP. Ba enema. Also, an additional pelvic CT scan was obtained for some of the patients. The patients were treated by radiotherapy alone or adjuvant postoperative irradiation; in case of radiation therapy only, whole pelvic irradiation was given with Co-60 teletherapy unit via AP and PA parallel opposing fields or 4-oblique fields, 180 cGy per day, 5 days per week and intracavitary insertion was performed. In satges Ia, Ib, and IIa with small primary lesion, external irradiation was initially given to pelvis up to $2,000\~3,000\;cGy/2frac{1}{2}\;-3frac{1}{2}$ weeks and then intracavitary insertion was performed using Fletcher-Mini-Declos Applicator with cesium-137 cources and followed by external irradiation of $1,000\~2,000\;cGy/1frac{1}{2}\;-2frac{1}{2}$weeks via AP and PA parallel opposing fields with midline shield to spare of bladder and rectum. However, if the primary lesion is large, external irradiation was given without midline shield. More than stages IIb, the patients were treated by external beam irradiation up to 5,400cGy/30f for 6 weeks via 4-oblique portals and at the dose of 5,040cGy/28f the field was cut 5cm from the top margin for spare of small bowel, and followed by intracavitary irradiation, If there was residual tumor an additional dose of $900\~l,200cGy/5\~7f$ was given to parametrium and/or residual tumor area. Total dose of radiation to A and B-point were as follows; A-point; In early stages, Ia, Ib, IIa; $8,000\~9,000$ B-point $5,000\~6,000 cGy$ A-point; In advanced stages IIb, IIIa, IIIb; $9,000\~10,000$ B-point $60,000\~7,000cGy$ The results were obtained and as fellows; 1 The patients distribution according to FIGO staging system were stage Ia 6, Ib 27, IIa 28, IIb 54, IIIa 12, IIIb 18, and stage IVa 9. 2. Value of CT scan were demonstration of cervix tumor mass, parametrial and pelvic side wall tumor spread, pelvic and inguinal lymph nodes metastases, and hydronephrosis. Three dimensional quantitative demonstration of tumor volume is also important in planning radiation therapy. Another advantage of CT scan was detection of recurrent tumor after radiation or surgery. 3. Local control rate of tumor according to the size was $91.3\%$ for less than 5cm in size and $44.6\%$ in tumor over 5cm (p<0.0068). 4. Thirty out of 50 recurrent sites has locoregional failures and 17 cases has distant metastases. And the para-aortic lymph nodes were the most common site for distant metastases. 5. The most common complication was temporal rectal bleeding which was controlled most by conservative management. However, 4 patients required for endoscopic cauterization. 6. The 5-year survival rates showed; stage la and Ib $95\%,\;stage\;IIa\;81\%\;stage\;lIb\;67\%,\;stage\;IIIa\;37.7\%,\;stage\;IIIb\;23\%$ and 3-year survival rate of stage IVa showed $11.6%$, retrospectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 1975

These studies were conducted to induce the available mutants in Takju yeasts by the irradiation of UV light. Two original strains(5-Y-5, 6-Y-6) using for irradiation of UV selected from 24 strains which were isolated from the Takju mashes And Nuruks collected from 12 local regions of Chungnam and Chungbuk provinces in Korea, and the irradiations to the yeasts with UV light were carried out at a distance 10-40cm from the sources of irradiation for 10-220 seconds. The purpose of this experiment is to report the effects of irradiating distances and times of UV light on the survival ratio of orginal yeasts, and the identification of two orginal yeasts and three mutants induced by the irradiation of UV light. The results were summarized as follows. 1) The effects of irradiating distances and times on the survival ratio on the yeasts were represented as follows. and acid productivity to the survival strains by the irradiation of UV light. The selected mutants were the strains 30-24, 40-27 which have more powerful fermentability about 10 percent than those of original strains and a strain 30-81 which have potential acid productivity. 3) The selected yeasts (5-Y-5, 6-Y-6) were identified to Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a taxonomic study of Lodder and the mutants(30-81, 40-27, 30-81) induced from above yeasts by the irradiation of UV light have almost same properties two orginal yeasts in the identical characteristics.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.469-475
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• 1998

Purpose : To determine the role of Pelvic irradiation in stage I or IIA cervical carcinoma with pelvic nodal metastasis after hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. Materials and Methods : This is a retrospective study of 68 cervical carcinoma patients who were found to have pelvic nodal metastasis at hysterectomy and received pelvic irradiation from 1983 to 1996 at Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital. External beam radiation therapy to pelvis was delivered using 4 MeV Linac and intracavitary irradiation was given via vaginal ovoids or cylinders. Five-year survival and disease-free survival were estimated by Kaplan-Meier Method and prognostic factors related to survival were analysed by log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results : Median length of follow-up was 52months. Five-year overall survival and disease-free survival (DFS) were 81.8$\%$ and 81.7$\%$ respectively. Patients with endometrial invasion had a 57.1$\%$ 5-year DFS compared to 87.5$\%$ for those without endometrial invasion (p=0.0074). Multivariate analysis revealed endometrial invasion as an only statistically significant prognostic factor for 5-year DFS. Among total 15 (22$\%$) recurrences. pelvic recurrences occurred in 4 cases and distant metastases occurred in 13 cases. Conclusion : We have been able to confirm previous results demonstrating marked decrease in local recurrence after pelvic irradiation. In view of the high proportion of distant metastasis found in this study, a trial of aggressive adjuvant systemic therapy and irradiation in early stage cervical carcinoma patients with pelvic nodal metastasis, especially with endometrial invasion, appears to be warranted.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6513-6518
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• 2013

Background: To evaluate the treatment outcome and major late complications of all patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. All patients with histologically confirmed recurrent NPC in the absence of distant metastasis treated in the period 1997-2010 were included in this study. These patients were treated with ICBT alone or in combination with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Treatment outcomes measured were local recurrence free survival (LRFS), disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Thirty three patients were eligible for this study. The median age at recurrence was 56 years with a median time to initial local recurrence of 27 months. Majority of patients were staged as rT1-2 (94%) or rN0 (82%). The proportion of patients categorised as stage III-IV at first local recurrence was only 9%. Twenty one patients received a combination of ICBT and external beam radiotherapy while 12 patients were treated with ICBT alone. Median interval of recurrence post re-irradiation was 32 months (range: 4-110 months). The median LRFS, DFS and OS were 30 months, 29 months and 36 months respectively. The 5 year LRFS, DFS and OS were 44.7%, 38.8% and 28.1% respectively. The N stage at recurrence was found to be a significant prognostic factor for LRFS and DFS after multivariate analysis. Major late complications occurred in 34.9% of our patients. Conclusions: Our study shows ICBT was associated with a reasonable long term outcome in salvaging recurrent NPC although major complications remained a significant problem. The N stage at recurrence was a significant prognostic factor for both LRFS and DFS.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.36-38
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• 2001

A basic structure of 2500V-4500V reverse-conducting GCT (RC-GCT) is given in this paper. The punch-through type (PT) is adopted for narrow N-base with high resistivity so that the fast turn-off and low on-state voltage can be achieved. The photo mask design was made upon the both turn-off performance and solution of separation between GCT and integrated freewheeling diode (FWD) part. The turn-on and turn-off characteristics for reserve-conducting gate commutated thyristors (RC-GCTs) were investigated by ISE simulation. Additionally, the local carrier lifetime control by proton irradiation was adopted so as not only to obtain the reduction of turn-off losses of GCT but also to reach a soft reverse recovering characteristics of FWD