• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.73-91
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• 1999

This study was carried out to invastigate the researches of Snake Venom and snakes which used in treatment 1. The fist literature that used the snake for treatment is Shin Nong Ben Cao Jing 2. Composition of Snake Venom is consist of Enzymatic proteins ; Phospholipase A(A1-2), Protease, L-amino acid oxidase etc, and Non-enzymatic proteins ; Crotamine(Cytolysin), Proteolytic factor(Hematoxin), Crotoxin(Neurotoxin) etc. 3. Main toxins in Snake Venom are Hematoxin, Cytolysin, Neurotoxin and Cardiotoxin. Lethal dose 50 value of Agkistrodon brevicaudus is $45.87{\mu}g$/18g, Agkistrodon saxatilis is $10.28{\mu}g$/18g, Agkistrodon ussuriensis is $8.68{\mu}g$/18g, therefore Agkistrodon ussuriensis has strongist Snake Venom of all in Korea. 4. Pharmacological actions of Snake Venom are anticoagulation, thrombolytic function, hypotensor etc. 5. Systemic syndromes and signs after snakebite are Dizziness(25.7%), Vomitting(23.1%), Fever(22%), Visual disturbance(18%), Headache(17.7%) and Dyspnea(17.6%), etc. 6. Local syndrome and sign after snakebite is Discoloration(54.2%), Bleeding(20.2%), Bullae(10.7%), Skinulcer(10.8%), etc. 7. Pathological syndromes after snakebite are WBC increase, Urine protein, Urine sugar, Haematuria and elevation of S-GDT, S-GPT etc. These syndromes are leaded by Hematoxin and Cytolysin. 8. Complication signs after snakebite are Cellulitis, Gastritis, Lympoma, Abscess etc. 9. Common function of Viperidae(Agkistrodon acutus or Zaocys dhumnades etc) is expelling the wind(祛風), removing obstruction in the channels(通絡), antipastic function(止痙). And it is used in order to cure hemiparesis, hemiplegia, facial palsy and CVA disease, etc. 10. Using way of snake for medical treatment is various like Herbal alchol therapy, pill, powder and injection etc. The Study on the Snake Venom should be carried out continuously for using of medical treatment.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 1995

Recently, a new tailored RF gradient echo (TRFGE) sequence was reported. This technique not only enhances the magnetic susceptibility effect but also allows us to measure local changes in brain oxygenation. In this study, a phantom and cat brain experiments were performed on a 4.7 Tesla BIQSPEC (BRUKER) instrument with a 26 cm gradient system. We have demonstrated that the signal intensity (SI) of the TRFGE sequence varies according to the concentration of susceptibility contrast agent. Three capillary tubes with different concentrations of Gd-DTPA (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mMOI/l) were placed at the middle of a cylindrical water phantom. Using both TRFGE and conventional gradient echo (CGE) sequences, phantom images of the slices which contain all three tubes were obtained. For the animal experiment, cats were anesthetized and ventilated using halotane (0.5%) and a $N_2O/ O_2$ mixture (2:1), and blood pressure and heart rate were monitored and kept normal. For the observation of tue first pass of Gd- DTPA, imaging was started at t = 0. At t = 8 ~ 12s, 0.2 mMol/Kg Gd-DTPA was manually injected in the femoral vein. The imaging parameters were TRITE = 25/10 msec, flip angle = $30^{\circ}$, FOV = 10cm, image matrix size = $128{\times}128$ with 64 phase encodings and the image data acquisition window was 10 msec. SI-time curves were then obtained from a series of 30 images which were collected at 2 sec intervals using both CGE and TRFGE pulse sequences before, during, and following the contrast injection.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.408-412
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• 2010

Introduction: This study examined the depth of sedation and the usefulness of the monitoring tool in determining the level of sedation in patients undergoing third molars extraction under conscious sedation with midazolam. Materials and Methods: Twenty two patients undergoing third molars extraction at the department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Ewha Womans Mokdong Hospital from February 2010 to April 2010 were analyzed. All patients were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) class I and had no contraindications tosedation. The bispectral index was recorded continually during surgery using a bispectral monitor. The initial sedation was accomplished using a 3 mg bolus of midazolam followed by a 2 mg bolus of midazolam until the level of sedation, at which the patient’s eyes were closed or the subject was responsive only to loud or repeated calling of their name, was reached. All subjects were surveyed with a postoperative questionnaire to evaluate the level of sedation. Results: The bispectral index (BIS) decreased approximately 5 minutes after midazolam administration, but increased at the local anesthesia injection and odontomy procedure. The amnestic effect was shown effectively in the early stages of surgery. Conclusion: Conscious sedation with intravenous midazolam is effective in achieving the effect of anxiolysis, analgesia and amnesia. The BIS is an objective and useful means of assessing the depth of sedation.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.12-22
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• 2020

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a promising water management strategy for securing stable water resources to overcome water shortage and water quality deterioration caused by global environmental changes. A MAR demonstration site was selected at Imgok-ri, Sangju-si, Korea, based on screening for the frequency of drought events and local water supply situations. The abundant groundwater discharging from a nearby abandoned coal mine is one of the potential recharge water sources for the MAR implementation. However, it has elevated levels of arsenic (~12 ㎍/L). In this study, the potential of the natural attenuation of arsenic by the field geological media was investigated using batch and column experiments. The adsorption and desorption parameters were obtained for two drill core samples (GM1; 21.8~22.8 m and GM2; 26.0~27.8 m depth) recovered from the potentially water-conducting fracture-zones in the injection well. The effluent arsenic concentrations were monitored during the continuous flow of the mine drainage water through the columns packed with the core samples. GM2 removed about 60% of arsenic in the influent (0.1 mg-As/L) while GM1 removed about 20%. The results suggest that natural attenuation is an acitive process occurring during the MAR operation, potentially lowering the arsenic level in the mine drainage water below the regulatory standard for drinking water. This study hence demonstrates that using the mine drainage water as the recharge water source is a viable option at the MAR demonstration site.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.121-135
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• 1996

Actinomyces are Gram-positive, non-acid-fast, anaerobic or microaerophilic filamentous bacteria. These organisms are frequently detected from infected root canals and periapical lesion. The purpose of this study was to use indirect immunofluorescence to determine the prescence of select Actinomyces species in a survey of teeth associated with periapical lesion, to clarify the relationship between clinical symptoms of periapical lesions and the Actinomyces species and to study on the cross reaction among Actinomyces. Actinomyces israelii serotype I (ATCC 12102), Actinomyces israelii serotype II (ATCC 29322), Actinomyces viscosus serotype II (ATCC 19246), Actinomyces naslundii serotype I (ATCC 12104) were cultured in anaerobic condition. Rabbit antisera were prepared by intravenous injection of formalized whole cells. Indirect immunofluorescence method was used to achieve the purpose. The following results were obtained. 1. There was a relationship between Actinomyces and periapical disease. 2. A. israelii serotype I, II were frequently identified with Indirect Immunofluorescence and most often assosiated with periapical disease. In culture finding, there was no significant difference between each group. 3. Indirect Immunofluoresence is both more sensitive and more rapid than culture for identification of Actinomyces species in patients with periapical lesion. 4. A. israelii serotype I, II was highly isolated in infected root canals with local swelling, A. naslundii serotype I was highly isolated in those with foul odor, and A. israelii serotype I was found in higher frequncy in those with exudate than other bacteria. 5. In the Indirect Immunofluorescence (1 : 320), A positive cross reaction was obtained between A. israelii serotype I and A. israelii serotype II, also, A. viscosus serotype II and A. naslundii serotype I. There was no cross reaction between A. israelii serotype I, II and A. viscosus serotype II, A. naslundii serotype I.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 1997

Background : Hemifacial spasm commonly occurs on muscles about the eye, but may also involve or spread to the entire side of the face. There are many treatment for facial spasm, such as neuro-vascular decompression, local injection of Botulium toxin, facial nerve block at stylomastoid foramen, facial nerve block with O'Brien method. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of facial nerve block with O'Brien method. Methods : Forty five patients with hemifacial spasm were treated by facial nerve block with O'Brien method from January 1996 to February 1997 We reviewed the charts, retrospectively. Results : Sex ratio was 1:1.7(17 male : 28 female patients). Most patients were 40~60 years old. Most patients well tolerated facial nerve block. Three patients failed to respond to the facial nerve block. We repeated the procedure within one week. Among the 45 patients who received nerve block, 35 received repeated block; 7 patients received second repeat block, 2 patients received third repeat block. After successful nerve block, all patients were free of spasm for 1 to 6 months. Average spasm-free period was 3.5 months. Conclusion : Although the spasm-free period was short, these results suggest facial nerve block with O'Brien method is a safe and comfortable method for treatment of facial spasm.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.228-233
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• 2012

Objective : Chronic neck or back pain can be managed with various procedures. Although these procedures are usually well-tolerated, a variety of side effects have been reported. In this study we reviewed cases of unexpected temporary adverse events after blocks and suggest possible causes. Methods : We reviewed the records of patients treated with spinal pain blocks between December 2009 and January 2011. The types of blocks performed were medial branch blocks, interlaminar epidural blocks and transforaminal epidural blocks. During the first eight months of the study period (Group A), 2% mepivacaine HCL and triamcinolone was used, and during the last six months of the study period (Group B), mepivacaine was diluted to 1% with normal saline. Results : There were 704 procedures in 613 patients. Ten patients had 12 transient neurologic events. Nine patients were in Group A and one was in Group B. Transient complications occurred in four patients after cervical block and in eight patients after lumbar block. Side effects of lumbar spine blocks were associated with the concentration of mepivacaine (p<0.05). The likely causes were a high concentration of mepivacaine in five patients, inadvertent vascular injection in three patients, intrathecal leak of local anesthetics in one, and underlying conversion disorder in one. Conclusion : Spinal pain blocks are a good option for relieving pain, but clinicians should always keep in mind the potential for development of inevitable complications. Careful history-taking, appropriate selection of the anesthetics, and using real-time fluoroscopy could help reduce the occurrence of adverse events.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.711-716
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• 2020

Injection visualization of heated mixed simulant droplets based on hydrocarbon fuel was performed under supercritical state environment. Mixed simulant consisted of Decane and Methylcyclohexane with different critical pressure and critical temperature. Flows injected into the supercritical state environment created droplet by Rayleigh breakup mechanism, and the Oh number and Re number were determined to confirm the breakup area. The temperature of the mixed simulant varied from Tr=0.49 to Tr=1.34. The flow rate was maintained at 0.7 to 0.8 g/s. Droplet became shorter in breakup length as heated and into a lumped form. Second droplet was formed and when Tr=1.34, the phase was not visible in the supercritical state with local unsteady flow.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1151-1162
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• 1999

The effects of radial heat and $H_2O$ diffusion on the evolution of silica particles in coflow diffusion flames have been studied experimentally. The evolution of silica aggregate particles in coflow diffusion flames has been measured experimentally using light scattering and thermophoretic sampling techniques. The measurements of scattering cross section from $90^{\circ}$ light scattering have been utilized to calculate the aggregate number density and volume fraction using with combination of measuring the particle size and morphology through the localized sampling and a TEM image analysis. Aggregate or particle number densities and volume fractions were calculated using Rayleigh-Debye-Gans and Mie theory for fractal aggregates and spherical particles, respectively. Flame temperatures and volumetric differential scattering cross sections have been measured for different flame conditions such as inert gas species, $H_2$ flow rates, and burner injection configurations to examine the relation between the formation of particles and radial $H_2O$ diffusion. The comparisons of oxidation and flame hydrolysis have also been made for various $H_2$ flow rates using $N_2$ or $O_2$ as a carrier gas. Results indicate that the role of oxidation becomes dominant as both carrier gas($O_2$) and $H_2$ flow rates increases since the radial heat diffusion precedes $H_2O$ diffusion in coflow flames used in this study. The effect of carrier gas flow rates on the evolution of silica particles have also been studied. When using $N_2$ as a carrier gas, the particle volume fraction has a maximum at a certain carrier gas flow rate and as the flow rate is further increased, the hydrolysis reaction Is delayed and the spherical particles finally evolves into fractal aggregates due to decreased flame temperature and residence time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.159-170
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• 1999

The hydrogeochemical study on the $CO_2$-rich water in the Chojeong area was carried out. The $CO_2$-rich water of Ca-$HCO_3$type is characterized by low pH (5.0~5.8). high $CO_2$concentration ($Pco_2$＜$10^{0.31}$atm) and high TDS. The water chemistry indicates that the $CO_2$-rich water was probably evolved by the local suppy of deep seated $CO_2$gas resulting in the enhanced water/rock (granite) interaction under low pH conditions. High $NO_3$concentration indicates that the $CO_2$water was mixed and diluted with low $CO_2$groundwater in the vicinity of the area, in which the extensive groundwater abstraction occurred during the past years. The evoiution of the $CO_2$-rich water in the Chojeong area for the process of $CO_2$injection water/rock interaction and mixing processes was thermodynamically simulated by PHREEQC. Although the simulation was limited to water/plagioclase interaction, the results show the feasible explanation about the observed trend of pH and Ca and Na concentrations of the $CO_2$-rich water.