• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

Local governments play a critical role in achieving carbon neutrality and reducing national carbon emissions. To manage carbon emissions effectively, it is essential for local governments to analyze regional carbon emissions. In this study, we developed a model for estimating carbon emissions based on land use and analyzed regional characteristics of carbon emissions to suggest policies for achieving carbon neutrality at the regional level. Our model for calculating carbon emissions is based on an analysis of the activities that contribute to carbon emissions for each land use, and we established the spatial scope of carbon emission calculation. We applied this model to the cities and counties in Gyeongsangnam province, calculating carbon emissions from settlement and agricultural production activities and comparing regional characteristics of carbon emissions. Our analysis showed that areas with larger populations generally produced higher emissions in all categories, but we observed different results in terms of unit emissions, emissions divided by area, population, and household. Based on these findings, we propose policies such as increasing the generation of new and renewable energy using public institutions, promoting the conversion to cleaner cooking and heating energy sources, and encouraging the adoption of eco-friendly automobiles on roads. We believe that our analysis of the spatial and regional characteristics of carbon emissions can help local governments establish effective policies for reducing carbon emissions in their regions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1768-1774
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from livestock agriculture in 16 local administrative districts of Korea from 1990 to 2030. National Inventory Report used 3 yr averaged livestock population but this study used 1 yr livestock population to find yearly emission fluctuations. Extrapolation of the livestock population from 1990 to 2009 was used to forecast future livestock population from 2010 to 2030. Past (yr 1990 to 2009) and forecasted (yr 2010 to 2030) averaged enteric $CH_4$ emissions and $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions from manure treatment were estimated. In the section of enteric fermentation, forecasted average $CH_4$ emissions from 16 local administrative districts were estimated to increase by 4%-114% compared to that of the past except for Daejeon (-63%), Seoul (-36%) and Gyeonggi (-7%). As for manure treatment, forecasted average $CH_4$ emissions from the 16 local administrative districts were estimated to increase by 3%-124% compared to past average except for Daejeon (-77%), Busan (-60%), Gwangju (-48%) and Seoul (-8%). For manure treatment, forecasted average $N_2O$ emissions from the 16 local administrative districts were estimated to increase by 10%-153% compared to past average $CH_4$ emissions except for Daejeon (-60%), Seoul (-4.0%), and Gwangju (-0.2%). With the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions ($CO_2$-Eq), forecasted average $CO_2$-Eq from the 16 local administrative districts were estimated to increase by 31%-120% compared to past average $CH_4$ emissions except Daejeon (-65%), Seoul (-24%), Busan (-18%), Gwangju (-8%) and Gyeonggi (-1%). The decreased $CO_2$-Eq from 5 local administrative districts was only 34 kt, which was insignificantly small compared to increase of 2,809 kt from other 11 local administrative districts. Annual growth rates of enteric $CH_4$ emissions, $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions from manure management in Korea from 1990 to 2009 were 1.7%, 2.6%, and 3.2%, respectively. The annual growth rate of total $CO_2$-Eq was 2.2%. Efforts by the local administrative offices to improve the accuracy of activity data are essential to improve GHG inventories. Direct measurements of GHG emissions from enteric fermentation and manure treatment systems will further enhance the accuracy of the GHG data.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.151-165
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• 2013

지방정부로 구성된 국제환경 협의회(ICLEI)는 범지구적 차원에서 기후변화를 완화시키기 위해 만들어진 기구이다. 지방정부들은 ICLEI를 통해 각 정부가 배출하는 온실가스를 정확히 측정하고자 관련 규약을 만들었다. 본 논문은 ICLEI 규약의 한계점을 지적한다. 온실가스배출관련 항목들을 지방정부관점에서 구분하고, 또 국가차원에서 요구하는 항목들과 일치시킨다는 점에서 이 규약은 실용적이라 할 수 있다. 특히 '이중측정'과 '탄소배출할당' 문제를 해결할 수 있는 사회적 기반을 마련한 부분은 지방정부들이 기후변화에 적극적으로 대응하고자 하는 의지로 해석할 수 있다. 하지만, 그 제한점은 다음과 같다. '생체연료연소에 의한 이산화탄소배출'을 온실가스로 취급하지 않는 점과 '간접이중측정'을 간과한 점은 온실가스배출량의 정확한 측정을 저해할 것으로 예상되며, 이들을 수정보완해야 지방정부들이 기후변화를 완화시키는데 있어 실제로 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze region-specific trends in changing greenhouse gas emissions in incineration plants of local government where waste heat generated during incineration are reused for the recent five years (2009 to 2013). The greenhouse gas generated from the incineration plants is largely $CO_2$ with a small amount of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$. Most of the incineration plants operated by local government produce steam with waste heat generated from incineration to produce electricity or reuse it for hot water/heating and resident convenience. And steam in some industrial complexes is supplied to companies who require it for obtaining resources for local government or incineration plants. All incineration plants, research targets of this study, are using LNG or diesel fuel as auxiliary fuel for incinerating wastes and some of the facilities are using LFG(Landfill Gas). The calculation of greenhouse gas generated during waste incineration was according to the Local Government's Greenhouse Emissions Calculation Guideline. As a result of calculation, the total amount of greenhouse gas released from all incineration plants for five years was about $3,174,000tCO_2eq$. To look at it by year, the biggest amount was about $877,000tCO_2eq$ in 2013. To look at it by region, Gyeonggido showed the biggest amount (about $163,000tCO_2eq$ annually) and the greenhouse gas emissions per capita was the highest in Ulsan Metropolitan City(about $154kCO_2eq$ annually). As a result of greenhouse gas emissions calculation, some incineration plants showed more emissions by heat recovery than by incineration, which rather reduced the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions. For more accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in the future, input data management system needs to be improved.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.504-522
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• 2011

Simulations of CMAQ with the High-order Decoupled Direct Method (HDDM) for a 2010 June episode are applied to estimate the influence of local and neighborhood emissions on ozone concentrations in the Kwang-Yang Bay (KYB) area. In order to examine ozone response to reductions in $NO_x$ and VOC emissions from KYB and Gyeongsang, ozone isopleths are generated with the first and second-order sensitivity coefficients from HDDM simulations at three sites; Taein, Samil, and Gwangmoo. Simulations show that reduction in KYB $NO_x$ may increase ozone over the sites. On the contrary, $NO_x$ reduction from Gyeongsang may decrease ozone at the sites when transport of ozone and its precursors from upwind Gyeongsang is potentially high. However, VOC reductions from KYB and Gyeongsang are favorable to lower ozone over KYB. The study implies that emission reductions for both local and neighboring areas are likely more effective to bring KYB to ozone attainment.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 1997

It is more likely that the degree of air quality degradation that we have faced would be much lessen, if integrated management of air pollution control and assessment had been fully enforced by the local administrations, not by the centralized environmental agency in the first place. As the selfgoverning local administrations have been established since 1995, the need for air quality control by the local administration or local agency is getting the ground. However, in practice, air quality control by the local administration rarely put into effect due to lack of basic data which cover the present trends of air quality in each local city or county and are necessary for decision making. The emissions of SO$_2$ in each city and county of Korea in 1993 were calculated in this study, based on energy consumptions and emission factors. The ambient concentrations of SO$_2$ also were estimated by applying modified Miller-Holtzworth model. Observed and estimated concentrations of SO$_2$ showed that about 17.5 percents of cities and counties in the country were more polluted than the target value, 20ppb/year. The emissions and ambient concentrations of SO$_2$ in each city and county in 2000, 2005, and 2010 were also forecasted, assumed business as usual senario. It was shown that, in 2010, the emissions of SO$_2$ will be 2.8 times more than those of 1993 and much of them are from industrial sector. Also shown that 38.3 percents of cities and counties will be more polluted than the target value and most of them are polluted areas in 1993. The methods and results of this study could be used in developing the efficient reduction strategies in each city and county.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

In this study, GHG inventory on 17 local government between 2005 and 2014 is build up using 'GHG emission estimation guideline (2016. 2) for local government' developed and distributed by KECO. This covers all the sectors should be included in national GHG inventory, which are energy, industrial process, agriculture, AFOLU, and waste. In addition, six GHGs, carbon dioxide, metane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride declared in Kyoto protocol are estimated to reflect utmost precision. Indirect esissions, such as electricity, heat and waste generation are separately estimated as well as direct emissions to help local government to establish substantial and implementable reduction measures of GHGs.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.257-273
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• 2014

This paper introduces a novel optimization technique based on gravitational search algorithm (GSA) for numerical optimization and multi-objective optimization of foundation. In the proposed method, a chaotic time varying system is applied into the position updating equation to increase the global exploration ability and accurate local exploitation of the original algorithm. The new algorithm called global-local GSA (GLGSA) is applied for optimization of some well-known mathematical benchmark functions as well as two design examples of spread foundation. In the foundation optimization, two objective functions include total cost and $CO_2$ emissions of the foundation subjected to geotechnical and structural requirements are considered. From environmental point of view, minimization of embedded $CO_2$ emissions that quantifies the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the use of materials seems necessary to include in the design criteria. The experimental results demonstrate that, the proposed GLGSA remarkably improves the accuracy, stability and efficiency of the original algorithm.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.536-543
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• 2011

The previous researches on railway sector have focused on the total greenhouse gas(GHG) emission through national approaches. The aim of this study was to calculate GHG emission at a local government level to measure each city's GHG intensity on rail transportation. This study followed 'the guidelines for local government greenhouse gas inventory(issued by Korea Environment Corporation)' including VKT(Vehicle kilometers Travelled) methodology for railway inventory at a metropolitan area. As a result, the gyeongsangbuk-do emitted the highest GHG emissions at a local government level, followed by chungcheongnam-do and chungcheongbuk-do in 2006. Among several cities, Gimcheon-city emitted the highest GHG at basic government level in 2006. In future, the calculation of GHG emissions at local government level can be applied to establish various policies for GHG reduction.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.454-465
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• 2012

The Korean government decided to reduce 30% of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions BAU in 2020. Since many efforts to reduce emissions are urgently needed in Korea, the central administrative organization urges local governments to establish their own reduction schemes. Among many GHG emission categories, the emission from mobile source in Gyeonggi Province accounted for 25.3% of total emissions in 2007 and further the emission from road transport sector occupied the most dominant portion in this transportation category. The objective of this study was to compare 3 types of GHG emissions from road transport sector in 31 local cities/counties of Gyeonggi Province, which have been estimated by Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 methodologies. As results, the GHG emission rates by the Tier 1 and Tier 2 were $19,991kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$ and $18,511kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$, respectively. On the other hand, the emission rate by Tier 3 excluding a branch road emission portion was $18,051kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$. In addition, the total emission rate including all the main and branch road portions in Gyeonggi Province was $24,152kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$, which was estimated by a new Tier 3 methodology. Based on this study, we could conclude that Tier 3 is a reasonable methodology than Tier 1 or Tier 2. However, more accurate and less uncertain methodology must be developed by expanding traffic survey areas and adopting a suitable model for traffic volumes.