• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제51권6호
• /
• pp.497-504
• /
• 2006

Biodiversity is closely related to the conservation of ecosystems. Ecosystems provide more subtle, but equally essential, services. Microorganisms decompose human's waste and renew the soils that produce our food crops. Biodiversity in Korean paddies encompass 54 families and 107 species of freshwater invertebrates. In terms of the number of aquatic insects affected by different sources, the order starting with the highest population was swine slurry > chemical fertilizer > fresh straw with reduced fertilizers > control. The number of freshwater invertebrate and aquatic macro-invertebrate in surface water of the plots without insecticidal application were 2 and 2.1 times greater than in fields receiving insecticide applications, respectively. The soil microfungal flora of the 85 isolates paddy fields in Korea was 30 species in 13 genera and 11 isolates were unidentified yet. Agricultural policy should be changed to assist the conservation of biodiversity because until now the agricultural ecosystems have been negatively affected from the development of high-yield varieties to enhance food production, and the expansion of fertilizer and chemical use. For the conservation of agricultural ecosystems, agricultural practices with less investment and more resource saving, as well as enhancing the safety of agricultural and livestock products are essential. Finally, this paper was written for the contribution for the development of environmentally friendly farming systems with neighboring or whole ecosystems.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제55권6호
• /
• pp.1018-1023
• /
• 2011

Alzinc is a ursine situated in the Ghazaouet town western part of the republic of Algeria. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of contamination which soil and plants are burdened with some heavy metals: Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Mn, Cr, Fe and As, then the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and plant adjacent of area the alzinc ursine was detected and the interdependence of pollution among all three regions of the environment determined. This paper analyzes the heavy metal contents within a 2-years period in the soil and plants at the beginning of the vegetation period. The presence of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Mn, Cr, Fe and As, in the samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Measurements of heavy metal contents were performed at three locations in soil and vegetative parts of three-plant types (plant alimentary) period during summer. The plant samples from the immediate environment of the dumpsite were highly contaminated with Zn, Cd and Mn. Three plants species: grape, artichoke and pepper, particularly, grape met some of the conditions to be classified as accumulators for Zn, Cu, Cd and Fe, consequently, she revealed a health risk for human and livestock due to the spread of the metal pollution from waste dumpsites to agricultural areas.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 1997

In this research, the synthetic livestock wastewater was prepared to study the characteristics of organic matter removal, the change of VFA production, and the amount of gas production with respect to the change of ammonium nitrogen concentration in the waste using anaerobic fixed bed process, which is an anaerobic biofilm process. The HRT and operation temperature were 1 day and $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, respectively. Also, the characteristics of organic matter removal and the inhibitory effect on microorganism in the anaerobic process were studied on the organic loading and ammonium nitrogen concentration. The results obtained were as follows: For COD loading of $10kg/m^3$-day and five levels of ammonium nitrogen concentration ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 mg/L, organic removal efficiencies were about 81, 74, 67, 58, and 51%, and gas productions were 3,860, 3,520, 3,240, 3,020, and 2,790 ml/l-day, respectively. Average methane contents in the gas produced on COD loading of $10kg/m^3$-day was about 76%. Throughout the whole period of experiment, remaining VFA (as COD base) in the effluent was over 90% of remaining COD. This result indicated the inhibitory effect of high concentration of ammonium nitrogen through the facts that accumulated VFA was almost COD and organic removal efficiency decreased also with the increase of ammonium nitrogen. Especially, that implys which high concentration of ammonium nitrogen not only inhibits methane forming bacteria, but also acid forming bacteria.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.7-9
• /
• 2018

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a significant economic burden in the animal production industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MAP in the feces of wild duck populations residing along a riverside close to farms in the center of Korea. From wild Spot-billed (Anas poecilorhyncha) and Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducks, 128 fecal samples were collected and analyzed using multiplex real-time PCR, sequencing, and nested PCR to confirm the presence of the organism. The molecular analyses showed that 44 samples (34.4%) were positive for MAP, suggesting a high prevalence of MAP in the wild duck population. Considering the nature and habitat of wild ducks, this result suggests that the organism was introduced from contaminated water from waste of nearby farms, and that the wild ducks may act as a transmitter of the organism to other wild birds or livestock.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권8_spc호
• /
• pp.1244-1255
• /
• 2019

Dairy goat production continues to be a socially, economically and culturally important part of the livestock industry in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean islands. Goat milk, cheese and other dairy products offer consumers food products with nutritional, health and environmental benefits. In North America, Mexico produces the greatest volume of goat milk, but most is for family or local consumption that is typical of a mixed farming system adopted by subsistence farmers in dry areas. The United States is not yet a large global goat milk producer, but the sector has expanded rapidly, with dairy goat numbers doubling between 1997 and 2012. The number of dairy goats has also increased dramatically in Canada. Commercial farms are increasingly important, driven by rising demand for good quality and locally sourced goat cheese. In South America, Brazil has the most developed dairy goat industry that includes government assistance to small-scale producers and low-income households. As of 2017, FAO identified Haiti, Peru, Jamaica, and Bolivia as having important goat milk production in the Western Hemisphere. For subsistence goat producers in the Americas on marginal land without prior history of chemical usage, organic dairy goat production can be a viable alternative for income generation, with sufficient transportation, sanitation and marketing initiatives. Production efficiency, greenhouse gas emission, waste disposal, and animal welfare are important challenges for dairy goat producers in the Americas.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.219-226
• /
• 2006

본 시험은 산림 간벌 부산물인 잣나무 생지엽을 반추가축 사료로 이용하기 위하여 제조된 발효 생지엽(pine silage)의 한우 반추위내 in situ 분해율 및 in vivo 소화율, 사양성적 및 도체분석에 있어서 볏짚 대체효과를 규명하기 위하여 수행되었다. In situ 시험은 nylon bag 시료를 처리 당 4반복으로 하여, 반추위내에서 48시간 동안 발효시켰으며, in vivo 소화시험은 볏짚 급여구와 생지엽 silage구로 나누어 incomplete double turn over design에 의해 처리 당 5반복으로 수행되었다. 사양시험에서는 생지엽 silage에 대한 볏짚 대체비율을 4수준(0%, 25%, 50%, 75%)으로 나누어 한우수소 48두를 처리당 12두씩 완전임의로 배치하였으며, 시험종료 후, 도체분석을 하였다. 반추위내 in situ 조단백질 분해율은 생지엽 silage가 볏짚보다 높았으나(P<0.01), NDF 분해율은 오히려 낮았다(P<0.01). In vivo 건물, 조단백질 및 NDF 소화율은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 일당 증체량은 볏짚 급여구와 비해 생지엽 silage 25% 대체구를 제외한 모든 생지엽 silage 대체구에서 유의적(P<0.01)으로 높았다. 생지엽 silage 급여 및 급여수준은 사료 효율에 영향을 주지 않았다.도체성적에 있어서 통계적 유의차는 없었으나 근내지방도는 50% 생지엽 silage 대체구가 타 처리구보다 수치적으로 높고, 등지방 두께는 생지엽 silage 대체구가 볏짚 급여구보다 다소 두꺼운 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 생지엽 silage를 한우의 조사료로서 사용할 경우, 볏짚과 50%씩 혼합해서 급여하는 것이 건물섭취량과 일당증체량에서 좋은 효과를 기대할 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2010

가축분뇨는 적절하게 처리되기만 하면 가치 있는 자원이 될 수 있다. 년간 42백만톤에 달하는 가축분뇨의 84%가 퇴비와 액비 생산에 이용되고 있으며 최근에는 혐기소화를 통한 바이오가스 생산에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있으나, 혐기소화액의 농업적인 활용은 아직 인증되지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 가축분뇨와 음식물류폐기물을 혼합하여 소화시킨 통합혐기소화액을 이용하여 벼 재배시 생육과 논토양 환경에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 통합혐기소화액은 돈분과 음식물류 폐기물을 70:30(v/v)으로 혼합하여 HRT(Hydro-logic retention time) 14일의 고온혐기소화공정을 거쳤으며, 안전성을 평가하기 위해 모니터링을 수행하였다. 질소전량 기준으로 통합혐기소화액을 와그너 포트에 시용하고 침출수를 채취하여 양분의 용출과 생육을 조사하였다. 통합혐기소화액을 시용한 처리구에서는 토양중 치환성 칼륨, 구리, 아연 등이 증가하였으며, 통합혐기소화액 처리후 침출수 중의 질산태 질소 농도는 처리 농도가 증가할수록 높았으며 모든 처리구에서 2주 만에 침출되어 빠져나가는 것으로 나타났다. 생육반응에 있어서 분얼수는 처리간에 차이가 없었으며, 초장은 통합혐기소화액을 추천시비량 질소 기준으로 2배 시용한 처리구에서 가장 높았으나, 벼의 생육을 고려하면 오히려 도복의 위험이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 토양중 염류 집적을 고려하여 추천시비량 질소 기준에 맞게 시용하는 것이 바람직하며, 통합혐기소화액이 화학비료 대체제로서의 가치가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 향후 장기적인 면에서 통합 혐기소화액의 논토양 환경에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2006

슬러리 형태의 돈사폐수로부터 자원회수와 질소제거를 위하여 순차적으로 ADEPT(Anaerobic digestion elutriated phased treatment) 공정과 SHARON(Single reactor system High Ammonium Removal Over nitrite)-ANAMMOX(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation)공정을 결합하여 운전하였다. ADEPT 공정은 부하율 3.95 gSCOD/L-day에서 운전되었고, SCOD 생성율과 산생성율은 각각 5.3 gSCOD/L-day와 3.3 gVFAs/L-day(as COD)였다. 가수분해에 의한 VS감소와 SCOD생성율은 각각 13%와 0.19 $gSCOD_{prod}/gVS_{feeding}$였으며, 산생성율은 0.80 $gVFAs/gSCOD_{prod.}$였다. 메탄발효조에서 가스생성율과 메탄함량은 각각 2.8 L/day($0.3m^3CH_4/kgCOD_{removal}\;@STP$) 및 77%였다. 운전조건에서 $NH_4-N$ 94.1% (TKN으로서 86.5%) 및 T-P 87.3%가 제거되었다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.237-243
• /
• 2018

활성화제 KOH, NaOH 및 $ZnCl_2$를 사용하여 폐감귤박으로부터 제조한 활성탄인 WCK-AC, WCN-AC, WCZ-AC의 표면 화학적 특성을 검토하고, 대상가스인 아세톤, 벤젠 및 메틸메르캅탄(MM)에 대한 흡착량과 활성탄의 비표면적, 세공부피 및 세공크기와의 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 이들 활성탄에 대한 XPS 분석결과에 의하면 graphite 및 phenolic이 C1의 주요 표면 작용기였으며, 작용기인 phenol, carbonyl 및 carboxyl의 합은 WCK-AC > WCN-AC > WCZ-AC의 순서로 증가하였다. 고정층 흡착반응기에서 3가지 대상가스에 대한 흡착실험으로부터 얻어진 파과곡선은 Yoon과 Nelson에 의해 제안된 경험식에 의해 잘 모사되었다. 작용기의 합이 큰 값을 갖는 활성탄일수록 아세톤, 벤젠 및 MM에 대한 흡착능이 더 컸다. 비표면적 및 세공부피가 크고 세공크기가 작은 활성탄일수록 흡착성능이 우수하였으며, 특히 본 연구에서 사용된 활성탄들의 흡착성능을 가장 잘 나타내는 기준은 비표면적이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.120-123
• /
• 2008

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different nipple angles on water disappearance in growing pigs, which is defined as the water which leaves the watering device but is not consumed by the pig. This water adds to the volume of the total waste slurry. Four crossbred pigs averaging $70.0{\pm}1.4$ kg were assigned into 1 of 4 treatments using a $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. Treatments were distinguished by the angle between nipple terminal and the perpendicular wall. These angles were: 1) NA-30 (= Nipple Angle $30^{\circ}$), 2) NA-45 (= Nipple Angle $45^{\circ}$), 3) NA-60 (= Nipple Angle $60^{\circ}$) and 4) NA-90 (= Nipple Angle $90^{\circ}$). All of the nipples were fixed at shoulder height of each pig. After a 7-day adaptation period, samples were collected from each pig for 4 days, followed by a day for change-over. Pigs were fed a 0.8 kg diet twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 and supplied water ad libitum. Throughout the experimental period, pigs in the NA-30 treatment group showed greater water disappearance than other treatments. Water disappearance was the lowest for the NA-60 treatment group (p<0.01). The percentage of water disappearance to the water supply was significantly reduced in the NA-60 treatment group (p<0.01). Water intake was the same for all the treatment groups. The rate of water disappearance per unit of water intake was significantly decreased in pigs in the NA-60 treatment group compared to other groups (p<0.01). These results suggested that the nipple angle for growing pigs should be $60^{\circ}$ to reduce water disappearance and, subsequently, the amount of waste generated.