• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.10
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• 2016

Background: Heat stress adversely affects the physiological and metabolic status, and the productive performance of buffalo. Methods: The present study was conducted to explicate the effect of misting and wallowing cooling strategies during heat stress in lactating Murrah buffalo. The study was conducted for three months (May-July) of which first two months were hot dry and last month was hot humid. Eighteen lactating buffaloes, offered the same basal diet, were blocked by days in milk, milk yield and parity, and then randomly allocated to three treatments: negative control (no cooling), cooling by misting, and cooling by wallowing. Results: The results showed higher (P < 0.05) milk yield in buffaloes of misting and wallowing group compared to control during the experimental period however wallowing was found more (P < 0.05) effective during July (hot humid period). Both the treatments resulted into significant (P < 0.05) reduction in rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) compared to control animals during study period whereas wallowing was found to be effective on pulse rate (PR) only during July. Both treatments were resulted in mitigating the heat stress mediated decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), lymphocytopnoea and neutrophilia whereas decrease in total erythrocyte count (TEC) and monocytes was only mitigated by wallowing. Heat load induced alteration in serum creatinine and sodium concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated by misting and wallowing whereas aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase activity, and reactive oxygen species concentration could be normalized neither by misting nor by wallowing. The significant (P < 0.05) increment in serum cortisol and prolactin levels observed in June and July period in control animals was significantly (P < 0.05) prevented by misting and wallowing. Conclusions: It can be concluded that misting and wallowing were equally effective in May and June (hot dry period) whereas wallowing was more effective during hot humid period in preventing a decline in milk production and maintaining physiological, metabolic, endocrine and redox homeostasis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties on vacuum packaged Yakibuda products for Export during storage at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 40 days. Yakibuda, Japanese favorite meat product, were produced with three different pork cuts or tenderloin (T1), loin (T2) and ham (T3). The pH of all produce was tend to increased with increase in storage period. After 40 days of storage, pH of T2 was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to other treatments. TBARS and VBN values of all treatments were increased with increased storage period. The water holding capacity ranged $81.41{\sim}92.20%$ in T1, $81.13{\sim}94.51%$ in T2 and $82.93{\sim}87.50%$ in T3. The shear force of T3 was higher than that of other treatments during whole storage time. The number of microorganism (Total plate counts, Escherichia coli, Lactobacilli spp.) were below 3.0 $log_{10}CFU/cm^2$ during the whole storage period. In sensory evaluation, the score of overall acceptability were above 5.5 point in all products. The storage properties of vacuum packaged Yakibuda could be maintained for 40 days at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ storage temperature.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.726-733
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• 2018

The rice's waste byproduct is known as a rice bran and produced annually about 400,000 to 600,000 tons. Most of the rice bran are used as a livestock feed or waste disposal, and needed to be used to produce high-added substances, such as bioactive materials. In this study, extraction conditions of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of the rice bran were optimized using a statistically-based optimization. The influence of extraction variables including the extraction time ($X_1$), extraction temperature ($X_2$) and ethanol concentration ($X_3$) were investigated using the response surface methodology in order to determine optimum extraction conditions which maximize total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC) and electron donating abilities (EDA). The optimal UAE from rice bran was achieved under the extraction temperature of $94.9^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 41.6 minute and ethanol concentration of 74.0% (v/v) with maximum yields of TPC 2.78 mg GAE/g DM, TFC 1.63 mg QE/g DM and EDA 42.86%. The UAE process shows its potential to the extraction of bioactive and antioxidant compounds from rice bran in a short extraction time and low temperature. Also, it is proposed that rice bran could be considered as food additives and cosmeceutical products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1819-1825
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of hydrocolloids [hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG), and glucomannan (GM)] on the physicochemical properties of bread flour dough containing rice flour. In amylograph analysis, the significantly lowest gelatinization temperature was obtained in dough with XG (P<0.05). XG revealed the highest maximum viscosity while GM revealed the lowest. In viscograph test, the lowest gelatinization temperature and maximum viscosity showed the same result as in the amylograph. Breakdown value was also highest in dough containing XG, but lowest in the control and dough containing HPMC. Setback value was highest in dough containing HPMC, but lowest in dough containing XG. In farinograph analysis, consistency was greatest in dough with HPMC and XG. Hydrocolloids affected water absorption, which was highest in dough containing GM. Development times of dough containing HPMC and XG were low. Stability was lowest in dough with XG. Degree of softening was reduced in dough containing HPMC and GG compared to the control but increased in dough containing XG and GM. Dough containing HPMC and GG showed the largest volume at 3 h of fermentation. Dough with HPMC showed the lowest pH value. Hydrocolloids in this study affected physicochemical properties of dough.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2022

This experiment was conducted to confirm the possibility of manufacturing artificial Italian ryegrass hay using far-infrared rays in Korea. The machine used in this experiment was a far-infrared ray dryer capable of adjusting temperature, airflow, and far-infrared radiation, and was conducted on Italian ryegrass harvested in May. Conditions for drying were performed by selecting a total of nine conditions, and each condition was set to emission rate of 42 to 45%, and the internal temperature was set to 65℃. The speed of the air flow in the machine was 40-60 m/s, and the overall drying time was 30 minutes for 42% radiation, 25 minutes for 43% radiation, and 20 minutes for 45% radiation. The final dry matter content according to each drying condition was 88.5% on average, and the dry matter content suitable for hay was shown in the all treatment. Looking at the power consumption according to the drying conditions, the lowest was found in the treatment that dried for 20 minutes at 45% radiation. In the drying rate, there was no difference in drying conditions 1 to 5, but a significantly low tendency was shown in conditions 6 to 7. In terms of feed value, CP and IVDMD were higher than raw materials in most drying conditions, and ADF and NDF contents were low, and tended to be high in drying conditions 4, 7, and 8. Through the above results, it was judged that drying conditions 7 and 8 were the most advantageous when considering drying speed, power consumption, and quality.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2007

This study was conducted to estimate the humificating grade according to experiment of physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity during composting of using with pig manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with pig manure(P), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(PCS-I), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(PCS-II) and 5 : 4 : 1(PCS-III) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting were rapidly increased more than $68^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased within $39^{\circ}C$ at 60 days the after treatment. pH was slowly increased from 7.5 to 7.7, and the C/N ratio was 13~14 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value in this compost was caused by the castor meal contented high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7 %). G.I.(germination index) was showed 73 to 78 range in all treatments at the $60^{th}$ day. Among all treatments PCS-I was appeared to be the best condition for composting.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1651-1658
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• 2013

Nitrate contamination in ground and surface water is an increasingly serious environmental problem and only a few bacterial strains have been identified that have the ability to remove nitrogen pollutants from wastewater under thermophilic conditions. We therefore isolated thermophilic facultative bacterial strains from wood chips that had been composted with swine manure under aerated high temperature conditions so as to identify strains with denitrifying ability. Nine different colonies were screened and 3 long rod-shaped bacterial strains designated as SG-01, SG-02, and SG-03 were selected. The strain SG-01 could be differentiated from SG-02 and SG-03 on the basis of the method that it used for sugar utilization. The 16S rRNA genes of this strain also had high sequence similarity with Geobacillus thermodenitrificans $465^T$ (99.6%). The optimal growth temperatures ($55^{\circ}C$), pH values (pH 7.0), and NaCl concentrations (1%) required for the growth of strain SG-01 were established. This strain reduced 1.18 mM nitrate and 1.45 mM nitrite in LB broth after 48 h of incubation. These results suggest that the G. thermodenitrificans SG-01 strain may be useful in the removal of nitrates and nitrites from wastewater generated as a result of livestock farming.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.144-157
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• 1993

환기중인 실험축사내에서 가축의 현열과 환기공기의 온도차에 의한 열부력(熱浮力)(thermal buoyancy)이 공기유동 및 온도분포에 미치는 영향을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 TEACH 컴퓨터프로그램($k-{\varepsilon}$ 난류모형 및 SIMPLE계열 Algorithm)을 Curvilinear Coordinates에 맞게 변형하였다. 계산한 축사내 공기유통 및 온도분포의 유의성(有意性) 검증은 Boon(1978)의 실험결과를 이용하였다. 열부력의 크기에 따른 유동의 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 유입공기의 온도를 $17^{\circ}C$와 $10^{\circ}C$ 두 수준으로 입력하였으며, 가축의 현열플릭스(flux)는 실내온도에 따라 변화하므로 유압공기의 온도가 $17^{\circ}C$일 때는 130W/$m^2$, $10^{\circ}C$일 때는 170W/$m^2$을 경계조건으로 입력하였다. 예측한 공기유동의 형태는 실험값(Boon, 1978)과 비교하여 대체로 만족할만한 결과를 얻었다. 그러나 유입공기의 온도가 $10^{\circ}C$인 경우, 예측 공기유동은 실험 유동형태와 차이가 있었다. 즉, 실험에서는 수평슬롯으로 유입된 공기가 바로 아래로 굴절되어 유동(流動)하였으나, 계산의 결과는 일정 거리로 수평방향으로 유동하다가 아래로 굴절하였다. 이런 유동의 차이는 경험적으로 열부력(熱浮力)에 민감하게 반응하지 않는 k-${\varepsilon}$ 난류(亂流)모형의 적용이 원인이 되거나 실험의 부적절한 수행이 원인이 될 수도 있다. 이 유동(流動)의 Reynolds 수(數) (Re)는 약 3,300, 수정Ar수(修正Ar數)(Corrected Archimedes Number : $Ar_c$)64로써, $Ar_c$ <30 이거나 $Ar_c$ >75이면 유입공기의 제트는 수평유동한다는 Randall & Battams(1979)의 연구결과와는 일치하였다. 그러나 공기제트의 굴절은 유동의 특성이 같다하더라도 유체의 성질, 축사의 기하학적 형태에 따라서 매우 민감하게 반응하므로 실제 실험을 통한 재검정과정을 거쳐야 할 것으로 판단된다. Fig. 9와 Fig. 10의 기하학적 형태의 지점별 예측온도와 측정온도(Boon, 1978)와의 편차는 대부분의 지점에서는 $1^{\circ}C$ 미만으로 상당히 정확하였으며, 최대의 온도차는 Fig. 10의 지점 13에서 $1.7^{\circ}C$이었다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2017

Eutrophication of surface waters is of concern worldwide, because it can result in many undesirable water-quality and ecological problems, such as hypoxic 'dead' zones and harmful algal blooms, both associated with considerable economic costs. In this study, we used LSM (Land Surface Model) to simulate nitrogen in five major rivers in the Southern Korean Peninsula. The main objective of this research was to enhance nitrogen data for input of LM3V model in South Korea. Input data for nitrogen fluxes were categorized into three sections including agriculture fertilizer, livestock manure, atmosphere deposition, biological fixation, and sewage pollutants were used as the nitrogen input. For using LM3V model, the nitrogen input data were regenerated by considering states of agriculture and industry in South Korea at a $1/8^{\circ}$ resolution. Then, we simulated stream/river flows and N loads throughout the entire drainage networks in South Korea at a $1/8^{\circ}$ resolution. By using the same parameters for the entire country ($100,210km^2$), composed of 5 river basins with varying climate and land use, the model simulates spatial (11 sites) and temporal (1999~2010) patterns of flows and nitrate-N loads are resonable by comparing observed flow and nitrate-N loads. The r (Pearson's linear correlation) for water temperature, flow and nitrate-N at river were 080~0.93, 0.62~0.92 and 0.5~0.9 respectively. Based on enhanced N input data and model results, we find that LM3V model as land surface model can be applied in South Korea with interaction of atmosphere and land conditions.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.17-27
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• 1985

The objectives of this study is to examine efficiency of swinery wastewater treatment by trickling filters' pilot plant. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The characteristics of sample. The BOD$_5$ was from 2,450 to 2,880mg/l, COD(KMnO$_4$ acid method) was from 910 to 1,064mg/l, and SS was from 920 to 990mg/l. The pH of influent was from 7.3 to 7.6, and the temperature of water was from 17.0$\circ$C to 22.5$\circ$C. 2. For experiment by recirculation, the BODs removal efficiency is 65.2% at recirculation ratio (r)=0, and 70.7% at r=1. The ramoval efficiency of this study is higher than NRC formula of U.S.A.. The recirculation is not significant effect on removal efficiency. 3. For experiment by hydraulic load, the BOD$_5$ removal rate decreased from 73.1% at $3.1m^3/m^2\cdot d$ to 65.3% at $9.2m^3/m^2\cdot d$. The design formula of this study which shows the removal rate of soluble BOD is $Le/Li =10^{-0.24} D/Q^{0.24}$ (Q: hydraulic load, D: depth of filter). 4. For experiment by organic load, the BOD$_5$ removal rate is increased from 70.2% at $0.77kg/m^3\cdot d$ to 75.4% at $4.28kg/m^3\cdot d$. We can obtain the straight line y=0.749 x (y: removed BOD, x :applied BOD) by the least squares method. 5. We can know that trickling filters is strong with the hydraulic load and the organic matter shock load. Here, we can judge that trickling filters is a good method for the treatment of swinery wastewater which containing high concentrated organic matter.