• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2019

본 연구는 일반적인 간 초음파영상에서 형태학적인 분류인 간 표면, 간 가장자리, 간 실질을 점수체계로 이용하여 간 조직검사 결과의 경미한 섬유화(F1), 중증도 섬유화(F2), 심한 섬유화(F3) 및 간병변(F4)으로 나눈 섬유화 단계와 비교하여 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 결론적으로 일반적인 초음파 검사는 경미한 섬유화(F1)~심한 섬유화(F3)를 검출할 수 있는 민감한 예측 인자로 간 가장자리>간 실질>간 표면으로 나타났으며, 간경변(F4)를 검출할 수 있는 예측인자로는 간 실질>간 표면>간 가장자리로 나타났다. 일반적인 초음파 검사에서 각각의 변수가 아닌 3가지 변수조합을 활용한다면 간 섬유화 정도와 진행 상태를 평가하는데 더 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-40
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• 2014

Purpose For living donor liver transplantation, liver segmentation is difficult due to the variability of its shape across patients and similarity of the density of neighbor organs such as heart, stomach, kidney, and spleen. In this paper, we propose an automatic segmentation of the liver using multi-planar anatomy and deformable surface model in portal phase of abdominal contrast-enhanced CT images. Method Our method is composed of four main steps. First, the optimal liver volume is extracted by positional information of pelvis and rib and by separating lungs and heart from CT images. Second, anisotropic diffusing filtering and adaptive thresholding are used to segment the initial liver volume. Third, morphological opening and connected component labeling are applied to multiple planes for removing neighbor organs. Finally, deformable surface model and probability summation map are performed to refine a posterior liver surface and missing left robe in previous step. Results All experimental datasets were acquired on ten living donors using a SIEMENS CT system. Each image had a matrix size of $512{\times}512$ pixels with in-plane resolutions ranging from 0.54 to 0.70 mm. The slice spacing was 2.0 mm and the number of images per scan ranged from 136 to 229. For accuracy evaluation, the average symmetric surface distance (ASD) and the volume overlap error (VE) between automatic segmentation and manual segmentation by two radiologists are calculated. The ASD was $0.26{\pm}0.12mm$ for manual1 versus automatic and $0.24{\pm}0.09mm$ for manual2 versus automatic while that of inter-radiologists was $0.23{\pm}0.05mm$. The VE was $0.86{\pm}0.45%$ for manual1 versus automatic and $0.73{\pm}0.33%$ for manaual2 versus automatic while that of inter-radiologist was $0.76{\pm}0.21%$. Conclusion Our method can be used for the liver volumetry for the pre-surgery planning of living donor liver transplantation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 1996

The surface of albumin microspheres was modified with methotrexate(MTX) by using 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Surface-modified albumin microspheres entrapping no MTX (SAMS), free MTX (SAMSF) and MTX-bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugates(SAMSC) were prepared. The organ-targeting ability of free $[^3H]MTX,\;[^3H]MTX-BSA$ conjugate and the above microspheres was evaluated after i.v. administration of the preparations, equivalent to 150 nCi via the tail vein of mice. The total radioactivity in the lung increased immediately in a few minutes after i.v. injection of the microspheres, and then declined for the period of 3-4 weeks. However, the radioactivity in the liver, spleen and kidney increased slowly during the rapid decrease in radioactivity in the lung. This suggested that the microspheres could be entrapped rapidly in the lung through mechanical filtration because of their large size and slowly redistributed to the liver, spleen and kidney due to either the microspheres being degraded enough for the size to allow passage through the capillary beds of the lung and/or the release of $[^3H]MTX\;or\;[^3H]MTX-BSA$ conjugates from the microspheres. The amount of $60{sim}70%$ of the dose was targeted to the liver after the i.v. injection of SAMS, SAMSF and SAMSC, and the values of $(R_e\;^*\;_{e)liver}$ from the microspheres were $5{\sim}7$ compared to free MTX. This suggested that the liver-targeting ability from surface-modified albumin microspheres could be $5{\sim}7$ times as that of free MTX. The liver-targeted drug was accumulated in the Kupffer cells at the initial stage, thereafter the drug in the Kupffer cell was slowly transferred into the hepatocytes. The value of AUQ for liver from SAMS was higher than that from SAMSF, but much lower than that from SAMSC. This suggest that MTX bound to their surface could be eliminated slower than the entrapped free MTX, and faster than the entrapped MTX-BSA conjugates. This is consistent with the in vitro release rates order in the presence of a proteolytic enzyme. Also, surface-modified MTX was scarcely released in the absence of a proteolytic enzyme. Therefore, the surface-modified MTX nay be released (or eliminated) rapidly from SAMSC at the target site, and thereafter MTX may be released (or eliminated) slowly from the entrapped MTX-BSA conjugates in SAMSC for a long period.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1970

1. Hepatic ascariasis represented by milk spots on the liver surface was found in 475(31.7%) out of 1,500 pigs. 2. For histopathological studies, 170 cases were collected at random from the milk spotted liver From these cases ascaris larva was found in 14 cases(8.2%). 3. Grossly, the occurrence of milk spots was not confined to any particular lobes of the liver. The lesions, however, were more frequently found in the diaphragmatic surface than in the visceral surface. The extent of the spots was limited to the subcapsular region and the deeper tissue was not affected. 4. Histologically, hemorrhage and eosinophilic infiltration were observed in the area invaded by the larva. The increase of connective tissue followed by a form of chronic lymphocytic hepatitis was observed at the late stage of infection. There was numerous eosinophilic infiltration around the larva trapped in the liver tissue. Consequently, encapsulation of the larva was followed by organization and calcification.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pathologic results of hepatic parenchyma parameters such as liver parenchyma, liver surface, liver margin and liver, portal vein, spleen size, And to evaluate the usefulness of fibrosis progression and hepatic ultrasonography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and prognostic value according to the stage of fibrosis and grade of inflammation were divided into two groups according to the morphologic variable "A" through ultrasound and "B" We evaluated the predictive value and predicted the variables to evaluate fibrosis in clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic liver disease. The sensitivity and specificity of hepatic fibrosis in hepatic morphologic variables and other size variables were highest in liver surface and edge. The morphologic parameters used in the evaluation of fibrosis were clinically relevant in distinguishing the fibrosis stage from the results of liver biopsy.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.579-583
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• 2023

In human fetuses, the left hepatic artery (LHA) issues the marginal artery that runs along the umbilical vein and, sometimes, reaches the umbilicus. The further observation demonstrated that, in 5 of 12 Japanese midterm fetuses (crown-rump length mm: 46, 50, 54, 59, 102), the marginal artery issued not only a thin umbilical branch but also a liver parenchymal branch that took a posterosuperior recurrent course in a peritoneal fold and supplied the anterior surface of the liver left lobe (segment III). However, in 22 Spanish fetuses of which gestational ages corresponded to the Japanese ones, we did not find the parenchymal branch. Therefore, between human populations, there seemed to be a considerable difference in the incidence as to whether or not the marginal artery issues the liver parenchymal branch. The parenchymal branch might be degenerated at the later stages due to friction between the liver free surface and growing diaphragm.

• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.203-214
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• 2011

Objectives: The objective of the current study is to determine whether an ultrasound device system is adequate for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver. Methods: We recruited 3 healthy young male subjects and 2 sonographers. The each sonographer measured vertical shortest distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver with a ultrasound device with three methods of 3.5 MHz convex probe and gel, 9 MHz linear probe and gel, and 9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad, three times in random order. Because the total variation could be divided into repeatability, reproducibility and subject-to-subject variation in Gage R&R method, we compared the sources of variation associated with the measurement system with an analysis of variance model. Results & Conclusions: Number of distinct categories is calculated on the basis of standard deviation of subject-to-subject divided by standard deviation of total Gage R&R. If the number of categories is five or more, the measurement system may be acceptable for the analysis of the process. The number of distinct categories of the ultrasound device system for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver were 9.20 (9 MHz linear probe and gel), 14.70 (9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad). So we concluded that repeatabilities and reproducibilities of the ultrasound device system for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver with the methods of 9 MHz linear probe and gel, and 9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad were acceptable.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.923-934
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• 2001

In order to investigate a pathogenesis of liver damage induced by skin burn, thermal injury was induced by scald burn on entirely dorsal surface in rats (total body surface area 30%) except for inhalated injury. At 5 and 24 h after scald bum, biochemical assay and morphological changes in skin tissue, serum and liver tissue were examined. The effects of bum injury on the levels of glutathione, lipid peroxide and on the activities of oxygen free radical generating and scavenging enzymes have been determined in association with observing of histologic and ultrastructural changes, measuring the protein concentration in plasma, and counting the number of intravascular polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme of oxygen free radical generating system. was elevated (p<0.01) in serum, but not in skin and in liver tissue. Futhermore, thermal injury decreased not only the protein concentration in plasma but also the number of leukocytes, that indicates induction of edema formation with protein exudation and inflammation by neutrophil infiltration into the internal organs. These data suggest that acute dermal scald burn injury leads to liver damage, that is related to elevation of xanthine oxidase activity in serum. Xanthine oxidase may be a key role in the pathogenesis of liver damage induced by skin burn.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2001

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) in vivo. The plasma concentration and liver concentration of ANS were determined after its i.v. bolus administration at a dose of $30\;{\mu}mol/kg$ in rats. The hepatic uptake clearance $(CL_{uptake})$ of ANS was 0.1 ml/min/g liver. On the basis of the unbound concentration of ANS, the permeability-surface area product $(PS_{influx})$ was calculated to be l0.4 ml/min/g liver, being comparable of in vitro data. On the other hand, we determined the plasma concentration, liver concentration and biliary excretion rate of ANS at steady-state after its i. v. infusion $(0.2-1.6\;{\mu}mol/min/kg)$ in rats. The excretion clearance $(CL_{excretion})$ of ANS showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with increasing the infusion rate. The permeability-surface area product $(PS_{excretion})$ based on the unbound concentration in the liver was calculated to be 0.0165 ml/min/g liver, which is negligible compared with the intrinsic clearance $(CL_{int}=3.3\;ml/min/g\;liver)$ by rat liver microsomes. The sequestration process of ANS, therefore, was considered to be mainly due to the metabolic process in the liver $(PS_{seq}{\risingdotseq}CL_{int})$. Furthermore, $PS_{efflux}$ value calculated from $PS_{influx}$ and $PS_{seq}$ was 4.4 ml/min/g liver, which was comparable of in vitro data. In conclusion, in vivo parameters such as $PS_{influx}$, $PS_{efflux}$ and $PS_{seq}$ in the present study showed good in vivo-in vitro relationship. Thus, the kinetic analysis method proposed in the present study would be useful to analyze the hepatic transport of drugs in vivo.

• BMB Reports
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.504-508
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• 1995

The electrophoretic patterns of plasma membrane surface proteins of normal rat liver cells and rat hepatomas were compared in 10% non-denaturing and 7-15% gradient non-denaturing gel. Chemical carcinogens, 2-Me DAB (2-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene) and DENA (diethylnitrosamine), were used to induce hepatoma in rats. One protein which disappeared in hepatoma was identified in normal rat liver by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Rabbit antisera were raised against this specific protein, and the protein was purified by Sephacryl S-200 column and immunoaffinity chromatography using the purified antibody. The purified protein showed two bands of molecular weights approximately 50 $kD_{\alpha}$ and 52 $kD_{\alpha}$ by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which reacted specifically with the antibody. However only one band was observed in non-denaturing gel and also in isoelectric focusing with a pI value of 6.6. This study showed the existence of an unique protein on the plasma membrane surface of normal rat liver cells which disappeared in rat hepatomas induced by chemical carcinogens.