• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.547-555
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of routine liver ultrasonography on the basis of the scoring system according to the morphological parameters of liver ultrasound images and the histopathological results of liver biopsy. The morphological parameters of the liver through ultrasonography were divided into liver surface, liver edge and liver parenchyma. Pathologic results of liver biopsy were classified as mild fibrosis(F1), significant fibrosis(F2), severe fibrosis(F3), and cirrhosis(F4). In conclusion, routine ultrasound examination showed a sensitive predictive factor for fibrosis with mild fibrosis (F1) to severe fibrosis (F3) were liver edge>liver parenchyma>liver surface. However, the predictive factors for detecting cirrhosis (F4) were liver parenchyma>liver surface>liver edge. The use of three variable combinations rather than individual variables in routine ultrasonography may be useful in evaluating the degree and progress of liver fibrosis.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 2014

Purpose For living donor liver transplantation, liver segmentation is difficult due to the variability of its shape across patients and similarity of the density of neighbor organs such as heart, stomach, kidney, and spleen. In this paper, we propose an automatic segmentation of the liver using multi-planar anatomy and deformable surface model in portal phase of abdominal contrast-enhanced CT images. Method Our method is composed of four main steps. First, the optimal liver volume is extracted by positional information of pelvis and rib and by separating lungs and heart from CT images. Second, anisotropic diffusing filtering and adaptive thresholding are used to segment the initial liver volume. Third, morphological opening and connected component labeling are applied to multiple planes for removing neighbor organs. Finally, deformable surface model and probability summation map are performed to refine a posterior liver surface and missing left robe in previous step. Results All experimental datasets were acquired on ten living donors using a SIEMENS CT system. Each image had a matrix size of $512{\times}512$ pixels with in-plane resolutions ranging from 0.54 to 0.70 mm. The slice spacing was 2.0 mm and the number of images per scan ranged from 136 to 229. For accuracy evaluation, the average symmetric surface distance (ASD) and the volume overlap error (VE) between automatic segmentation and manual segmentation by two radiologists are calculated. The ASD was $0.26{\pm}0.12mm$ for manual1 versus automatic and $0.24{\pm}0.09mm$ for manual2 versus automatic while that of inter-radiologists was $0.23{\pm}0.05mm$. The VE was $0.86{\pm}0.45%$ for manual1 versus automatic and $0.73{\pm}0.33%$ for manaual2 versus automatic while that of inter-radiologist was $0.76{\pm}0.21%$. Conclusion Our method can be used for the liver volumetry for the pre-surgery planning of living donor liver transplantation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 1996

The surface of albumin microspheres was modified with methotrexate(MTX) by using 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Surface-modified albumin microspheres entrapping no MTX (SAMS), free MTX (SAMSF) and MTX-bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugates(SAMSC) were prepared. The organ-targeting ability of free $[^3H]MTX,\;[^3H]MTX-BSA$ conjugate and the above microspheres was evaluated after i.v. administration of the preparations, equivalent to 150 nCi via the tail vein of mice. The total radioactivity in the lung increased immediately in a few minutes after i.v. injection of the microspheres, and then declined for the period of 3-4 weeks. However, the radioactivity in the liver, spleen and kidney increased slowly during the rapid decrease in radioactivity in the lung. This suggested that the microspheres could be entrapped rapidly in the lung through mechanical filtration because of their large size and slowly redistributed to the liver, spleen and kidney due to either the microspheres being degraded enough for the size to allow passage through the capillary beds of the lung and/or the release of $[^3H]MTX\;or\;[^3H]MTX-BSA$ conjugates from the microspheres. The amount of $60{sim}70%$ of the dose was targeted to the liver after the i.v. injection of SAMS, SAMSF and SAMSC, and the values of $(R_e\;^*\;_{e)liver}$ from the microspheres were $5{\sim}7$ compared to free MTX. This suggested that the liver-targeting ability from surface-modified albumin microspheres could be $5{\sim}7$ times as that of free MTX. The liver-targeted drug was accumulated in the Kupffer cells at the initial stage, thereafter the drug in the Kupffer cell was slowly transferred into the hepatocytes. The value of AUQ for liver from SAMS was higher than that from SAMSF, but much lower than that from SAMSC. This suggest that MTX bound to their surface could be eliminated slower than the entrapped free MTX, and faster than the entrapped MTX-BSA conjugates. This is consistent with the in vitro release rates order in the presence of a proteolytic enzyme. Also, surface-modified MTX was scarcely released in the absence of a proteolytic enzyme. Therefore, the surface-modified MTX nay be released (or eliminated) rapidly from SAMSC at the target site, and thereafter MTX may be released (or eliminated) slowly from the entrapped MTX-BSA conjugates in SAMSC for a long period.

• BioChip Journal
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• v.16
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

During living donor liver transplantation, a number of blood vessels and bile ducts are anastomosed while the liver and gallbladder are resected in the donor and recipient. Early detection and treatment of complications after surgery by evaluating the function of blood vessels and the biliary tract is crucial. A biosensing chip that can monitor patient health status from the bile excreted during the recovery process has been developed using a surface-enhanced Raman sensing chip. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy signals of bile obtained from normal bile duct ligation and gallbladder damage mouse models using a cautery device were identified and analyzed. The surface-enhanced Raman chip with a nanometer-level porous structure can selectively separate the nanometer biomarkers and measure the Raman signal. Through the detection of nanometer biomarkers in the bile and comparative analysis of histopathology, the Raman signal in the damaged gallbladder was compared with that caused by liver damage due to bile duct ligation, showing that it becomes a biosensing chip for monitoring recovery.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1970

1. Hepatic ascariasis represented by milk spots on the liver surface was found in 475(31.7%) out of 1,500 pigs. 2. For histopathological studies, 170 cases were collected at random from the milk spotted liver From these cases ascaris larva was found in 14 cases(8.2%). 3. Grossly, the occurrence of milk spots was not confined to any particular lobes of the liver. The lesions, however, were more frequently found in the diaphragmatic surface than in the visceral surface. The extent of the spots was limited to the subcapsular region and the deeper tissue was not affected. 4. Histologically, hemorrhage and eosinophilic infiltration were observed in the area invaded by the larva. The increase of connective tissue followed by a form of chronic lymphocytic hepatitis was observed at the late stage of infection. There was numerous eosinophilic infiltration around the larva trapped in the liver tissue. Consequently, encapsulation of the larva was followed by organization and calcification.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pathologic results of hepatic parenchyma parameters such as liver parenchyma, liver surface, liver margin and liver, portal vein, spleen size, And to evaluate the usefulness of fibrosis progression and hepatic ultrasonography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and prognostic value according to the stage of fibrosis and grade of inflammation were divided into two groups according to the morphologic variable "A" through ultrasound and "B" We evaluated the predictive value and predicted the variables to evaluate fibrosis in clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic liver disease. The sensitivity and specificity of hepatic fibrosis in hepatic morphologic variables and other size variables were highest in liver surface and edge. The morphologic parameters used in the evaluation of fibrosis were clinically relevant in distinguishing the fibrosis stage from the results of liver biopsy.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.579-583
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• 2023

In human fetuses, the left hepatic artery (LHA) issues the marginal artery that runs along the umbilical vein and, sometimes, reaches the umbilicus. The further observation demonstrated that, in 5 of 12 Japanese midterm fetuses (crown-rump length mm: 46, 50, 54, 59, 102), the marginal artery issued not only a thin umbilical branch but also a liver parenchymal branch that took a posterosuperior recurrent course in a peritoneal fold and supplied the anterior surface of the liver left lobe (segment III). However, in 22 Spanish fetuses of which gestational ages corresponded to the Japanese ones, we did not find the parenchymal branch. Therefore, between human populations, there seemed to be a considerable difference in the incidence as to whether or not the marginal artery issues the liver parenchymal branch. The parenchymal branch might be degenerated at the later stages due to friction between the liver free surface and growing diaphragm.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2011

Objectives: The objective of the current study is to determine whether an ultrasound device system is adequate for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver. Methods: We recruited 3 healthy young male subjects and 2 sonographers. The each sonographer measured vertical shortest distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver with a ultrasound device with three methods of 3.5 MHz convex probe and gel, 9 MHz linear probe and gel, and 9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad, three times in random order. Because the total variation could be divided into repeatability, reproducibility and subject-to-subject variation in Gage R&R method, we compared the sources of variation associated with the measurement system with an analysis of variance model. Results & Conclusions: Number of distinct categories is calculated on the basis of standard deviation of subject-to-subject divided by standard deviation of total Gage R&R. If the number of categories is five or more, the measurement system may be acceptable for the analysis of the process. The number of distinct categories of the ultrasound device system for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver were 9.20 (9 MHz linear probe and gel), 14.70 (9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad). So we concluded that repeatabilities and reproducibilities of the ultrasound device system for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver with the methods of 9 MHz linear probe and gel, and 9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad were acceptable.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.923-934
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• 2001

In order to investigate a pathogenesis of liver damage induced by skin burn, thermal injury was induced by scald burn on entirely dorsal surface in rats (total body surface area 30%) except for inhalated injury. At 5 and 24 h after scald bum, biochemical assay and morphological changes in skin tissue, serum and liver tissue were examined. The effects of bum injury on the levels of glutathione, lipid peroxide and on the activities of oxygen free radical generating and scavenging enzymes have been determined in association with observing of histologic and ultrastructural changes, measuring the protein concentration in plasma, and counting the number of intravascular polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme of oxygen free radical generating system. was elevated (p<0.01) in serum, but not in skin and in liver tissue. Futhermore, thermal injury decreased not only the protein concentration in plasma but also the number of leukocytes, that indicates induction of edema formation with protein exudation and inflammation by neutrophil infiltration into the internal organs. These data suggest that acute dermal scald burn injury leads to liver damage, that is related to elevation of xanthine oxidase activity in serum. Xanthine oxidase may be a key role in the pathogenesis of liver damage induced by skin burn.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2001

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) in vivo. The plasma concentration and liver concentration of ANS were determined after its i.v. bolus administration at a dose of $30\;{\mu}mol/kg$ in rats. The hepatic uptake clearance $(CL_{uptake})$ of ANS was 0.1 ml/min/g liver. On the basis of the unbound concentration of ANS, the permeability-surface area product $(PS_{influx})$ was calculated to be l0.4 ml/min/g liver, being comparable of in vitro data. On the other hand, we determined the plasma concentration, liver concentration and biliary excretion rate of ANS at steady-state after its i. v. infusion $(0.2-1.6\;{\mu}mol/min/kg)$ in rats. The excretion clearance $(CL_{excretion})$ of ANS showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with increasing the infusion rate. The permeability-surface area product $(PS_{excretion})$ based on the unbound concentration in the liver was calculated to be 0.0165 ml/min/g liver, which is negligible compared with the intrinsic clearance $(CL_{int}=3.3\;ml/min/g\;liver)$ by rat liver microsomes. The sequestration process of ANS, therefore, was considered to be mainly due to the metabolic process in the liver $(PS_{seq}{\risingdotseq}CL_{int})$. Furthermore, $PS_{efflux}$ value calculated from $PS_{influx}$ and $PS_{seq}$ was 4.4 ml/min/g liver, which was comparable of in vitro data. In conclusion, in vivo parameters such as $PS_{influx}$, $PS_{efflux}$ and $PS_{seq}$ in the present study showed good in vivo-in vitro relationship. Thus, the kinetic analysis method proposed in the present study would be useful to analyze the hepatic transport of drugs in vivo.