• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.331-337
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• 2001

The effect of Phellinus linteus methanol extract on the lipid metabolism in the liver of rat was investigated in this study. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups including the control, $CCl_4$and high fat group plus sub-groups with Phellinus linteus methanol extract administration. Methanol extracts of Phellinus linteus were fed 50mg/kg B.W daily via drinking water. A 1.2mL of $CCl_4/kg$ body weight was administered by oral intubation twice a week for total six times. The administration of $CCl_4$ increased total cholesterol, TG, LDL and LDL-phospholipid. However, the level of liver cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased while HDL-cholesterol was increased by the extract feeding. The activities of GOT, GPT, AP and LDH were greatly enhanced by the extract feeding. Electronmicrograph showed that $CCl_4$ treatment deteriorated the structure of cytoplasmic matrix with its uneven distribution. However, the extract treatment reconstituted the damaged cytoplasm and stimulated mitochondriagenesis. From these results, it was suggested that Phellinus linteus can help to recover the damaged liver function and further may help to prevent senescence diseases such as fatty liver, hypertension and hyperlipidemia.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 1992

In order to test relationships between hepatotoxicity and transmethylation, activities of protein methylases and SAM (S-adenosyl-L-methionine)-synthetase were examined in liver tissues of rats treated with $CCl_4$. Also the concentrations of SAM and SAH were measured by HPLC in rat liver. The results are as follows. (1). Activities of protein methylases were not significantly changed in 24 hours after $CCl_4$ treatment. However, in 48 hours, activities of protein methylases were significantly increased in comparison with that of control. (2). Activity of SAM-synthetase was increased steadily in the time course after $CCl_4$ treatment. (3). S-adenosyl-L-methionine concentration of liver tissues in $CCl_4$-treated group was elevated in 24 hours, and then declined thereafter. But the SAH concentration was slightly decreased in the time course after $CCl_4$ treatment. These results indicate that SAM was very actively used in transmethylation reactions of $CCl_4$ damaged rat liver, suggesting the strong relationships between hepatotoxicity and transmethylation phenomena.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.367-380
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of SoSikCheongWool-Tang on white rats' hepatocyte damages induced by Radix Aconitine. For the study, Radix Aconitine was administered to white rats, damaging their hepatocytes, and then SoSikCheongWool-Tang was given to the rats. As a result, the following histological changes of the hepatocytes were observed through light and electron microscope: 1. Radix Aconitine damaged the congestion, necrosis and hemolysis in the liver. 2. In the six-hour control group, the cisternae of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula were dilated or disoriented, and the attached ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum were hardly observed. 3. In the three-day control group, the destruction of the nucleus as well as the damage of all the cell-organelles was observed. 4. In all the experiment groups, the rats, after given SoSikCheongWool-Tang, quickly recovered from the cytotoxicity induced by aconitine extracts. From the above results, this study has come to the conclusion that SoSikCheongWool-Tang is efficacious against the cytotoxicity induced by Radix Aconitine.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.177-192
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• 2014

Objective : In order to investigate the effect of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma(CLR) extract on the hepatocellular carcinogenesis and acute liver damage induced by diethylnitrosamine(DENA) and $CCl_4$ in rats. Methods : Experimental groups were subdivided into four; normal group (Nor), acute liver damage and hepatocellular cancer inducing control group (Con), and CLR extract 200mg/kg/day (CAA) or 400mg/kg/day (CAB) administered groups to Con. Thereafter the changes of the body weight, the liver weight and the weight of liver/100g body weight, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, the activities of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, AFP, SOD, catalase were measured. And we observed by optical and electron microscopy. Result : 1. The body weight was decreased in Con compared with Nor for 5 weeks, but increased in Con compared with Nor from 6 week to 9 week. During experimental period of total 9 weeks, CAA and CAB were increased compared with Con. 2. The liver weight was increased significantly (p<0.05) in Con compared with Nor. The weight of liver/100g body weight was increased significantly (p<0.05) in Con compared with Nor and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in CAB compared with Con. 3. The level of total cholesterol was increased in Con and CAA compared with Nor, but there was not statistically significant. The level of triglyceride was decreased in Con compared with Nor. But increased in CAA and CAB compared with Con. The level of HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased (p<0.05) in CAA and CAB compared with Con. 4. The activities of AST, ALT were increased in Con compared with Nor, but decreased in CAA compared with Con, significantly decreased (p<0.05) in CAB compared with Con. 5. The activities of ALP, LDH were increased in Con compared with Nor, but decreased in CAA and CAB compared with Con. 6. The activities of AFP was increased significantly (p<0.05) in Con compared with Nor, but decreased significantly (p<0.05) in CAA and CAB compared with Con. 7. The activities of SOD were increased in Con, CAA and CAB compared with Nor, but decreased in CAA and CAB compared with Con. The activities of Catalase was more increased in CAA and CAB compared than Con. 8. The results of light microscopical observation, a number of hepatocytes were damaged in Con compared with Nor and CAB. 9. According to the electron microscopical observation, irregular nuclear membrane, condensed nucleoplasm was observed in Con, the experimental group was observed in the nucleus of the well-preserved and evenly developed nucleoplasm. Conclusions : These results suggest that administration of CLR extract suppress or retard on the hepatocellular carcinogenesis and acute liver damage induced by DENA and $CCl_4$ in rats.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1997

In order to investigate experimentally that effect of Moschus, Bovis Calculus, Ursi Fel aqua-acupuncture on acutely damaged liver of rats induced by radix aconiti, the author gave Moschus, Bovis Calculus, Ursi Fel aqua-acupuncture according to method of manufacture stimulation to corresponding points, Kan-su(B18) and Ki-mun(Liv14), and carried out hematological, serological observation. Experimental groups were divided into 2 group : the one group was injected with extracted solution prepared by distillation method (A aqua-acupuncture treatment group), the other group was injected with extracted solution prepared by alchol extraction method (B aqua-acupuncture treatment group). The following results were obtained : 1. WBC level was decreased significantly in the experimental groups at 12, 24 and 48 hours as compared with the control group. RBC and hemoglobin levels were not changed significantly in the experimental groups. 2. Total cholesterol level was decreased significantly in the experimental groups at 12, 24 and 48 hours as compared with the control group. ALP level was decreased significantly in the experimental groups at 6 and 24 hours as compared with the control group. ${\gamma}-GTP$ level was decreased significantly in the experimental groups at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours as compared with the control group. 3. GOT level was decreased significantly in the experimental groups at 6 and 12 hours as compared with the control group. GPT level was decreased siginificantly in the experimental groups at 12, 24 and 96 hours as compared with the control group. According to the above findings, it is considered that Moschus, Bovis Calculus, Ursi Fel aqua-acupuncture has effects of recovery of acutely damaged liver.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.351-361
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• 1988

The herbicide, paraquat, has caused numerous poisonings in man and farm animals since its interoduction. Althought the lungs are the primary sites of toxicological effect, other organs are also damaged, such as liver, heart, and kidney. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for the toxicity of the herbicide are not clearly understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the hepatotoxity of paraquat in rats and the effects of glycyrrhizin on the paraquat toxicity. The experimental results are the followings. 1. The values of serum AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, glucose, and cholesterol were significantly increased in the paraquat administered group. 2. The TBA values in serum and liver were also increased in the treated group. 3. The biochemical parameters of serum, such as AST, ALT, LDH and TBA values, were significantly low in the paraquat plus glycyrrhizin group in comparison with that of the paraquat only. The above results suggest that the glycyrrhizin, somehow, detoxify the hepa to toxicity of paraquat in the experimenta-animals.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.121.1-121.1
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• 2003

Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HCT) is a herbal plant growing in China, Japan and Korea. According to the records of the Chinese medicine, this plant has been used as folk medicine for analgesics, beriberi, edema, hepatitis, icterus, etc. TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), one of the notorious toxic environmental pollutants, damages various organs including liver and is regarded as an endocrine disrupter. After 7 days from TCDD (1$\mu$g/kg) injection, HCT (200 mg/kg) was administered into rats intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. (omitted)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more frequently diagnosed and is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. $\small{D}$-xylose, a sucrase inhibitor, may be useful as a functional sugar complement to inhibit increases in blood glucose levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of $\small{D}$-xylose both in vitro and stretpozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA)-induced models in vivo. MATERIALS/METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: (i) normal control; (ii) diabetic control; (iii) diabetic rats supplemented with a diet where 5% of the total sucrose content in the diet was replaced with $\small{D}$-xylose; and (iv) diabetic rats supplemented with a diet where 10% of the total sucrose content in the diet was replaced with $\small{D}$-xylose. These groups were maintained for two weeks. The effects of $\small{D}$-xylose on blood glucose levels were examined using oral glucose tolerance test, insulin secretion assays, histology of liver and pancreas tissues, and analysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) expression in liver tissues of a STZ-NA-induced experimental rat model. Levels of glucose uptake and insulin secretion by differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and INS-1 pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells were analyzed. RESULTS: In vivo, $\small{D}$-xylose supplementation significantly reduced fasting serum glucose levels (P < 0.05), it slightly reduced the area under the glucose curve, and increased insulin levels compared to the diabetic controls. $\small{D}$-xylose supplementation enhanced the regeneration of pancreas tissue and improved the arrangement of hepatocytes compared to the diabetic controls. Lower levels of PEPCK were detected in the liver tissues of $\small{D}$-xylose-supplemented rats (P < 0.05). In vitro, both 2-NBDG uptake by C2C12 cells and insulin secretion by INS-1 cells were increased with $\small{D}$-xylose supplementation in a dose-dependent manner compared to treatment with glucose alone. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, $\small{D}$-xylose exerted anti-diabetic effects in vivo by regulating blood glucose levels via regeneration of damaged pancreas and liver tissues and regulation of PEPCK, a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of gluconeogenesis. In vitro, $\small{D}$-xylose induced the uptake of glucose by muscle cells and the secretion of insulin cells by ${\beta}$-cells. These mechanistic insights will facilitate the development of highly effective strategy for T2D.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 1993

In order to investigate radiation effects on the liver, functional changes of liver were analyzed after irradiation. Doses of 10 Gy, 15 Gy and 20 Gy were exposed partially to the liver of male rats(Sprague-Dawley) with X-ray(4MV linear accelerator) at room temperature. On 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after irradiation, sera of the animals were compared with those of unirradiated animal by liver function tests. Enzyme activities in sera such as alkaline phosphatase and concentrations of bilirubin in liver function tests. The content of the activities of many enzymes including alkaline phosphatase in sera were increased slightly with increasing exposure dose in all experiments and the activities of these enzymes increased markedly in 20 Gy irradiated groups. The contents of serum bilirubins including direct and indirect bilirubins increased continuously along with the time lapse after irradiation. However, in 20 Gy irradiated group, the content of serum bilirubin decreased slightly during 2 or 4 weeks after irradiation and increased markedly there after. From these above results, functional changes of the liver were induced in all irradiated groups. Damaged liver was recovered along with time collapsed after irradiation to the doses of 10 Gy and 15 Gy while no recovery was deteced within 8 weeks after irradiation to 20 Gy. These results suggest that careful attontion must be paid to liver not to be included in exposure field in radiation therapy.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 1990

This study was designed in order to investigate the effect of copper sulfate to the ultrastructural changes of the hepatocytes in Sprague Dawley rats. The animals were administered with copper sulfate (10mg/kg B.W.), which was dissolved in normal saline. The solution was injected into abdominal cavity every day. The animals were sacrificed at the 6th, 12th, and 24th day from the beginning of administration. The specimens obtained from the liver were observed with electron microscope and significant changes were as follows. 1. A prominent dilatation and disruption of the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum were recognized. Also, the detachment of membrane bound ribosomes was shown. 2. The proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the depletion of glycogen particles were noted. 3. The increase of primary lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles was obserbed. 4. The dilatation of mitochondrial cristae was obserbed. And it was irregulary scattered in the stroma of mitochondria. 5. The atrophy of microvilli in the bile canaliculi and space of Disse was prominent. 6. Membrane of hepatocytes was damaged and significant hydrophic degeneration was obserbed in the perisinusoidal regions. 7. The damage of Fat-storing cells was more significant than that of hepatocytes.