• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.214-219
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• 1996

This study was done to investigate effects of n-s fatty acids and vitamin E supplement on the preneoplastic hepatic enzyme altered foci and cholesterol metabolism in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis system. Weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the diet containing either 15% corn oil(CO) or sardine oil(SO) with or without vitamin E 800IU supplementation for 12 weeks. After two weeks of feeding, rats were intraper-itoneally injected with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine(DEN:200mg/kg, BW). At the 4th week, rats were given the diet containing 0.02% acetylaminofluorene(AAF) for next 4 weeks. At the 6th Week, 0.05% pheno-barbital was incorporated into diet for 6 weeks. At the end of 12th week, rats were sacrificed and hepatic glutathions S-transferase placental form positive(GST_{TEX}$P^{+}${/TEX}) foci and serum and liver cholesterol levels were determined. GST_{TEX}$P^{+}${/TEX} formation was significantly decreased by SO feeding when compared with Co feeding but it tended to be enhanced by vitamin E supplementation. Histopathological changes were similar to patterns of GST_{TEX}$P^{+}${/TEX} formation in almost all dietary groups. Serum and hepatic cholesterol levels of SO fed groups were significantly lower than those of CO fed groups. Carcinogen treatments significantly increased serum and liver cholesterol levels in CO fed groups but not in SO fed groups. Correlation data showed a positive correlation(${\gamma}$=0.83, p<0.01) between serum cholesterol level GST_{TEX}$P^{+}${/TEX} foci area. These results indicate that sardine oil as a m-3 fatty acid source may have a reducing effect in rat hepatocarcinogenesis by the altheration of cholesterol metabolism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.138-146
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• 2007

Food irradiation has been steadily increased in many countries concomitantly with increasing international trades. Harmful contaminants naturally occurred from foods which contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids that are easily oxidized can affect the human anti-oxidation system through the generation of free radicals. Moreover, previous studies proved that ${\gamma}$-irradiation may cause production of free radicals in food. We investigated the effect of ${\gamma}$-irradiated soybeans in relation to oxidative stress in mice. Oxidative index of mice was evaluated by TBARS, DNA fragmentation in various organs such as blood lymphocytes, liver and kidney. Forty male ICR mice were equally divided into 4 groups and fed control diet or ${\gamma}$-irradiated diet containing 50% soybeans (5, 10, and 20 kGy, respectively) for 8 weeks. Peroxide values of the irradiated diets were higher than that of the non-irradiated one and increased according to the storage period. There was no significant difference in weight gain as well as in TBARS value in plasma and kidney of all groups. Liver TBARS value of the group fed with irradiated diet at 20 kGy increased significantly compared with the control group (p < 0.05). DNA oxidative damage as measured by alkaline comet assay showed that % tail DNA in the blood lymphocytes of 5 kGy and 10 kGy groups increased significantly over the control group (p < 0.05). Also, tail moments of 5 kGy and 10 kGy groups were higher than that of the control group. Ultrastructural examination shows myeline figures and swollen mitochondria in parietal and intestinal epithelial cells of the group fed with irradiated diet. Therefore, considering unsaturated fatty acid content, consumption of soybeans ${\gamma}$-irradiated with over 20 kGy or repeatedly may decrease the body's antioxidant mechanism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 1983

이유후의 Sprague Dawley종의 숫컷 쥐에게 10 % 옥수수기름 혹은 10% 야자경화유를 함유하는 식이를 5주간 주었다. 야자경유화를 주어 필수지방산을 결정시킨 식이군의 쥐와 다른 식이군의 쥐 사이에, 본 연구에서 조사한 범위내에서는 성장발달에 차이가 없었으며, 필수지방산 결핍증세를 관찰할 수 없었다. 실험군의 쥐의 조직중에서 지방조성의 변화를 살펴보면 ( 1 ) 야자 경화유를 준 쥐는 다른 군에 비하여 3주, 5주에 별장의 TG농도, 5주에 간의 TG농도가 증가하였다. (2) 야자경화유를 준 쥐는 다른 군에 비하여 3주에 혈장 Phospholipid 농도가 감소했다. 반면 생식기는 3주에 PL농도가 증가하였으며, 5주에는 PL농도 변화는 없었다. ( 3 )야자경화유를 준 쥐는 3주에 생식기의 콜레스테롤의 농도가, 5주에 신장, 부신의 콜레스테롤의 농도가 감소하였다. 이로써 성장기 쥐는 필수지방산 결핍시기에 대해, 각 조직에 따라, 또 식이기간에 따라 각기 달리 영향을 받음을 알 수 있다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2006

Objective: The aim was to study experimentally the effects of Dioscorea bulbifera L. induced by sodium levothyroxine. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups. Except for the normal group, the other three were treated with sodium levothyroxine $160{\mu}g/kg$ for 5 days. Among the three groups, two (except the control) were treated with Dioscorea bulbifera L. extract of 0.75g/kg (sample A) or 1.5g/kg (sample B). $T_3-uptake,\;T_3,\;T_4$, TSH, total cholesterol, glucose, ALP, AST, ALT, tree fatty acids, $\beta-lipoprotein$, and change in the serum of rats were measured after medication with solid extract of Radix Scrophulariae. Results: $T_4$ concentration and $T_3-uptake$ level decreased in sample A and B compared to controls. $T_3$ concentration decreased but not statistically meaningful. Considering lipid metabolism, only free fatty acid level was significantly reduced glucose level also significantly decreased in sample B. Serum AST, ALT and ALP levels were slightly elevated but there was no meaning statistically, which doesn't mean Dioscorea bulbifera L. has liver toxicity because the quantity of the extract perhaps couldn't reach the minimal dose causing liver toxicity, which according to an article was 60g. Body weight significantly increased in comparison to controls. Conclusion: These results suggest that Dioscorea bulbiftra L. lowers excess thyroid hormone and increased metabolism, resulting in improvement of hyperthyroid state.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1593-1600
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• 2016

This research was conducted to investigate the physiological consequences of undernourished yak. Twelve Maiwa yak ($110.3{\pm}5.85kg$) were randomly divided into two groups (baseline and starvation group). The yak of baseline group were slaughtered at day 0, while the other group of yak were kept in shed without feed but allowed free access to water, salt and free movement for 9 days. Blood samples of the starvation group were collected on day 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 and the starved yak were slaughtered after the final blood sample collection. The liver and muscle glycogen of the starvation group decreased (p<0.01), and the lipid content also decreased while the content of moisture and ash increased (p<0.05) both in Longissimus dorsi and liver compared with the baseline group. The plasma insulin and glucose of the starved yak decreased at first and then kept stable but at a relatively lower level during the following days (p<0.01). On the contrary, the non-esterified fatty acids was increased (p<0.01). Beyond our expectation, the ketone bodies of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid decreased with prolonged starvation (p<0.01). Furthermore, the mRNA expression of lipogenetic enzyme fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase in subcutaneous adipose tissue of starved yak were down-regulated (p<0.01), whereas the mRNA expression of lipolytic enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and hormone sensitive lipase were up-regulated (p<0.01) after 9 days of starvation. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase, responsible for hepatic gluconeogenesis were up-regulated (p<0.01). It was concluded that yak derive energy by gluconeogenesis promotion and fat storage mobilization during starvation but without ketone body accumulation in the plasma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.540-572
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• 2011

The present review focuses on the effects of energy intake on performance, changes in body tissue during lactation, and metabolic parameters in dairy cows. Especially, pre-partum nutrition and its influence on lactation are emphasized. In recent decades the increase in genetic potential of dairy cows has increased milk yield. This fact sharpens the problem of a negative energy balance in early lactation because the amount of energy required for maintenance and milk production exceeds the amount of energy cows can consume. Around parturition, reduced feed intake reinforces the situation. Continuing negative energy balance causes decreasing milk yield, fertility problems, and incidence of metabolic diseases. Hence, the cow has to rely on body reserves that were stored in late lactation and the dry period. It is evident that the nutritional status pre-partum acts as the key factor for milk yield and fertility parameters in the following lactation. Cows overfed during the foregoing gestation and which have gained large quantities of body fat have lower dry matter intake along with the need to mobilize larger quantities of body reserves in lactation. The milk yield in the following lactation is lower than in cows fed according to their requirements. Cows restrictively fed in late gestation have a higher feed intake in lactation and a lower mobilization of body reserves. The effect of energy intake post-partum plays only a minor role for performance parameters in lactation. Lipid mobilized from body reserves makes a substantial contribution to the energetic cost of milk production in early lactation and adipose tissue undergoes specific metabolic alterations. Adipose tissue is degraded to free fatty acids, which are used in liver for energy purposes. High lipid mobilisation promotes the development of a fatty liver and therefore a reduced gluconeogenesis.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 1989

[ $\omega3$ ] 고도불포화지방산의 투여가 체중변화, 단백질, 인지질 및 콜레스테롤 함량에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 정어리유에서 분리한 $\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산, 식물유 및 동물성지방 (대조군)을 $10\%$가 되도록 첨가한 사료로써 실험동물에 6주간 투여하였다. 체중변화는 어유 투여군이 대조군에 비해 $11.1\%\~14.4\%$로 감소하였고, 또 식물유인 옥수수기름 투여군에 비해서는 $16.4\%\~23.3\%$로 감소하였다. 간장에서의 단백질 함량은 $\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산과 정어리 기름 투여군에 비해 $6.78\%\~8.51\%$로 약간 증가하였지만, 뇌 및 혈청에서는 유의성이 없었다. 간장의 마이크로좀에서의 인지질함량은 $\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산과 정어리 기름 투여군이 대조군에 비해 감소하는 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 더우기 이들 어유 투여군은 대조군에 비해 혈청 콜레스테롤 함량이 효과적으로 감소되었다. 따라서 $\omega3$ 고도불포화지방산을 포함한 어유는 단백질 합성을 촉진함은 물론 체중 증가와 인지질 함량을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 콜레스테롤 함량을 효과적으로 감소시킴을 알 수 있었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1178-1184
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• 2008

The effect of some peptides on hepatoprotection and cecal fermentation against D-galactosamine (GalN)-treated rats was studied. In acute hepatic injury tests, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotranferase (AST), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were remarkably increased after injection of GalN. However, potato and soybean peptides significantly decreased GalN-induced alterations of serum ALT and AST activities. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in GalN-treated groups fed potato and soybean peptides was significantly lower than that in GalN-treated control group. Hepatic glutathione level in the GalN-treated group fed potato peptide was significantly higher than that in GalN-treated control group. Furthermore, cecal Lactobacillus level in GalN-treated groups fed potato and soybean peptides was significantly higher than that in GalN-treated control group, and cecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in GalN-treated group fed potato peptide were significantly higher than in GalN-treated control group. These results indicate that potato peptide may improve the cecal fermentation and prevent the GalN-induced liver damage in rats.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.286-294
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA), is acquired by dietary intake or the in vivo conversion of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid. Many enzymes participating in LCPUFA synthesis are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ($PPAR{\alpha}$). Therefore, it was hypothesized that the tissue accretion of endogenously synthesized DHA could be modified by $PPAR{\alpha}$. MATERIALS/METHODS: The tissue DHA concentrations and mRNA levels of genes participating in DHA biosynthesis were compared among $PPAR{\alpha}$ homozygous (KO), heterozygous (HZ), and wild type (WT) mice (Exp I), and between WT mice treated with clofibrate ($PPAR{\alpha}$ agonist) or those not treated (Exp II). In ExpII, the expression levels of the proteins associated with DHA function in the brain cortex and retina were also measured. An n3-PUFA depleted/replenished regimen was applied to mitigate the confounding effects of maternal DHA. RESULTS: $PPAR{\alpha}$ ablation reduced the hepatic Acox, Fads1, and Fads2 mRNA levels, as well as the DHA concentration in the liver, but not in the brain cortex. In contrast, $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation increased hepatic Acox, Fads1, Fads2, and Elovl5 mRNA levels, but reduced the DHA concentrations in the liver, retina, and phospholipid of brain cortex, and decreased mRNA and protein levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain cortex. CONCLUSIONS: LCPUFA enzyme expression was altered by $PPAR{\alpha}$. Either $PPAR{\alpha}$ deficiency or activation-decreased tissue DHA concentration is a stimulus for further studies to determine the functional significance.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 1993

We attempted in this study to understand the hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction of red ginseng roots in streptozotocin injected diabetic rats, through its actions on several enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism of the 1eve1 to compare with those of ginsenosides in streptozotocin injected diabetic rats. It was realized that the increased level of glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, nonesterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol in blood was significantly decreased and the decreased liver glycogen content of streptozotocin injected rats were appreciably moderated by intraperitoneal injection of the fat soluble fraction of red ginseng roots as shown in the saponin injected diabetic rats. The deceased activities of liver enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism such as phosphofructokinase, glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were also sufficiently modified by the intraperitoneal injection of the above fat soluble fraction as shown in the ginsenoside injected streptozotocin induced rats.