• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.139-149
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• 1987

Mathematical models of the litter accumulation, decay and turnover in the grassland and forest ecosystems of equilibrium state of the annual litter production were established to analyse the decay rates of organic and inorganic constituents of the litter. Those models were validated by an application to a Phragmites longivalvis grassland in a delta of the River Nakdong. The decay constants of cold-water-soluble fractions, other carbohydrates, hot-water-soluble fractions, cellulose, crude fat, lignin and crude protein in the litter were 0.730, 0.583, 0.555, 0.505, 0.479, 0.331 and 0.310 respectively. The amount of mineral nutrients such as N. P. K. Ca and Mg returned annually to the soil were estimated to 7.09, 1.34, 2.36, 4.37 and 0.79g/m2 respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2016

Freshwater is a diverse and complex environment for fungi and provides several types of habitat including plant litter, sediment, and carcasses. We collected plant litter from the main stream and branch streams of Nakdong River, Sohancheon in Samcheok, and Geumoreum in Jeju. From several samples of plant litter, we isolated 8 fungal strains belonging to 4 Montagnulaceae species unrecorded in Korea: Paraconiothyrium archidendri, Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa, Paraphaeosphaeria michotii, and Paraphaeosphaeria viridescens. These fungi were identified by phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and examination of morphological characteristics. Montagnulaceae is known as one of the families in Pleosporales and includes coniothyrium-like fungi. In this study, we described phylogenetic analysis and mycological characteristics of these species, and this is the first report of these taxa in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 1993

나무로부터 발생되는 유기물질이 자연상태에서 어떻게 변화되는가를 탄소-13 핵자기 공명 스펙트럼에 의하여 분석하였다. Litter를 구성하는 주요탄소의 형태는 지방족 탄화수소, 탄수화물, 그리고 방향족 탄소들이었으며, 메톡실, 카르복실과 카르보닐형 탄소들은 부후의 정도가 커짐에 따라 리그닌의 농도가 litter 중에서 증가하므로 점차 증가한다. Hydrophobic과 hydrophilic형 유기탄소가 litter의 자연 여과액(leachates)에 많이 존재하며, 그들의 탄소의 구조는 산성, 염기성 그리고 중성으로 분류되었을 때 서로 특이한 탄소의 형태를 갖는다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1011-1014
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• 2008

A total of 335 sows at a commercial operation (Hitch Pork Producers Inc, Guymon, OK) was used to determine dietary effects of yeast culture supplementation ($XPC^{TM}$, Diamond V Mills) on litter performance. Sows were grouped by parity (parity 1 to 12). Pigs within a group were then allotted to treatments. Treatments consisted of: CON (no added yeast culture) and YC (12 and 15 g/d XPC during gestation and lactation, respectively). Sows were housed individually and fed their assigned gestation and lactation diets from d 35 of gestation to d 21 of lactation. Sows were fed 2.0 kg/d during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. Voluntary feed intake was measured daily during lactation. At farrowing, numbers of pigs born total and alive were measured. Weights of litters were measured at birth and weaning on d 21 of lactation. Litter weight gain of the YC treatment was 6.9% greater (p<0.01) than that of the CON. However, voluntary feed intake of sows and litter size did not differ between treatments. This study indicates that dietary yeast culture supplementation benefits sow productivity by improving litter weight gain. At present, it is not confirmed if improved litter weight gain was due to milk production, which remains to be investigated.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1989

Annual production and decomposition of litter were studied in piuns rigida platation in Mt. Kwan-ak. The peak time of litter production was October-November. The litterfalll at that time was 54% of annual litter production. But the peak time of litterfall of reproductive parts was Junejuly. The peak times of litter production in Alnus hirsuta plantation were June-July, and November. It is thought that difference of seasonal distribution of letterfall between two forest types were assigned to litter falling factors such as temperature and insects. Total amount of letter loss increased according to time. Particulary, the peak time of loss rate was July-August. It was shown that the protein and phosphorus were accumulated in the letter for an experimental period. The amount of crude protein increased to 150% of initial amount. The amount of potassium was increased by August and then decreased rapidly. The contents of crude fat, holocellulose, lignin, and Na were decreased slowly. The loss of holocellulose was the largiest among them. Calcium was in steady state. It was thought that this variation pattern was assigned to leaching of soluble parts by high temperature, rainfall and growth rate of microorganisms.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 1993

This study was conducted to determine the main effects of the parity and farrowing season on gestation length and newborn pigs on the basis of the data obtained from 234 litters of Landrace breeds raised at an integrated swine farm in Kyunggy province from January 1991 to December 1992. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1. The average gestation length was 115.37 days, and 114.64 days of 8th parity and over was shorter than those of other parities. 2. The averages of litter size and litter size alive per sow were 9.91 and 9.50 heads. The litter size horn at 1st parity was smaller than at other parities, and the litter size in spring was larger than in summer, autumn or winter. 3. The averages of birth weight per litter and pig were 13.53 kg and 1.37 kg. The effect of farrowing season for each litter weight(p<0.01) and pig weight(p<0.05) at birth was significantly higher in spring than other seasons. 4. Incidence of malformation and stillbirth at birth was 4. 10%, and it at 8th parity and over showed the highest rate(7.50%).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2018

Water status of intact plants has been optically estimated by measuring reflectance at the wavelengths 1,450 nm and 1,900 nm based on their signal strengths. Although another water band at 970 nm is considered to have very small signals, the band apparently lies within the detection range of inexpensive spectrometer and plain charge-coupled device (CCD) camera used in wild fire studies. However measurement of the reflectance at 970 nm has been rarely applied to estimate the water status of dead plant materials such as fallen branch, twig, and leaf. To test the possibility of applying water reflectance at 970 nm to estimate the water content (WC) in leaf litter, the reflectance in various WC values were measured in the leaf litter of three Quercus species (Q aliena, Q aliena, Q mongolica, and Quercus variabilis). The results showed that the WC in the leaf litter can be determined by reflectance water index (WI) in the three Quercus species ($WC=1,450{\times}WI-1,378.8$, r=0.865). However, there was no interaction effect in the relationship between WI and WC among the litter of the three Quercus species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-116
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• 2000

Different phenological patterns of leaf and fruit fall among native and non-native riparian species provide a spatially and temporally heterogeneous series of alternative food resources for detritivores. Relatively little is known about qualitative differences among these different riparian species. Rates of litter inputs, decomposition, and retention for different sources of riparian litter require long-term documentation. Species of freshwater shrimps, crabs. insects. and gastropods are known to consume a wide range of litter inputs but how these dynamic food webs function under changing climatic and land-use conditions is unknown, especially in tropical streams. On-going studies in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Puerto Rico provide an example of how inputs of fronds and fruits from palms (Prestoea montana) serve as important foods and microhabitat for species of freshwater crabs and shrimp. Native riparian species such as Prestoea montana are commonly distributed in the Luquillo Mountains especially along steep slopes and stream banks. After tropical storms with high winds, the large fronds from these native riparian trees provide important inputs of leaf litter to the stream food web. In some streams, the input of ripe fruit from non-native trees such as Java plum (Syzigium jambos) also provides a major source of detrital food resources, especially during periods when fruit fall from native species of palms may be limited.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2003

This on­site survey was performed by visiting sites in Israel and USA where broiler litter is studied, manufactured as feed and applied practically and interviewing experts related. Their advanced experiences, technologies and informations were collected, analyzed, compared with Korean situations and described on the text of this article. Although broiler litter has been successfully used as feed for at least 40 years in Israel and USA, its practice and application rate of the technologies related has been very slow in Korea. Many informations presented here will be very helpful for the successful on­site application of hygienically processed broiler litter as livestock feed. It's doubtless that these efforts to use broiler litter­like underutilized feed resource will result in considerable livestock production cost cut­down and environmental pollution prevention.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 2021

With continuous decline of Philippine forest cover, sustainable forest management and restoration are essential to restore destroyed forest ecosystems. Unfortunately, of ten most planted trees in reforestation projects in the Philippines, eight are exotic species, with large leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) being the most dominant. In this study, effect of Swietenia macrophylla in reforestation projects on native tree species was evaluated. Effects of S. macrophylla leaf litter, frequency, and canopy closure on the growth of the Philippine native species Pterocarpus indicus were investigated. Results showed that S. macrophylla leaf litter significantly inhibited the growth of P. indicus seedlings based on root collar-to-shoot height. The standardized growth rate of seedlings in plots without S. macrophylla leaf litter was significantly higher than the growth rate of seedlings in plots with leaf litter. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the standardized growth rate of seedlings between plots without leaf litter and a control plot. On the contrary, S. macrophylla tree frequency and canopy closure showed no significant effect. These results attest to the negative effect of widely planted S. macrophylla to a valuable Philippine native tree P. indicus. With accumulating scientific evidence about negative effects of S. macrophylla on native trees, discontinued use in tree planting and reforestation efforts with active management of restoration sites previously planted with large leaf mahogany are needed.