• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.391-398
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• 2007

The covalently cross-linked sulfonated polyetheretherketone (CL-SPEEK) membrane was prepared by four-step synthesis of sulfonation-sulfochlorination, partial reduction, lithiation, and cross-linking, and its electrochemical and mechanical properties were investigated for water electrolysis application. The prepared ion exchange membranes showed good electrochemical and mechanical properties; proton conductivity of 0.116 S/cm at $80^{\circ}C$, water uptake of 44.6%, ion exchange capacity of 1.75 meq/g-dry-memb., tensile strength of 64.25 MPa and elongation of 61.11%. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with homemade membranes were prepared by non-equilibrium impregnation-reduction (I-R) method. Especially, the electrochemical surface area (ESA) and roughness factor of CL-SPEEK electrolyte by cyclic voltammetry method were 23.46 $m^2/g$ and 307.3 $cm^2-Pt/cm^2$, respectively. The prepared MEA was used in the unit cell of water electrolysis and the cell voltage was 1.81 V at 1 A/$cm^2$ and $80^{\circ}C$, with platinum loadings of 1.31 mg/$cm^2$.

• 멤브레인
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.26-34
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• 1995

본 연구에서는 고분자 주사술에 카르복실기를 도입하는 방법으로서 직접 리튬화 반응을 이용하여 polysulfone을 카르복실화(CPSf)한 후, 음이온에 대해 선택성이 있는 것으로 알려진 pyridinium 양이온을 고정전달자로 한 poly(1-alkyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodide-codivinylbenzene) (MeVpI-DVB)을 합성하고, 이들을 혼합한 고분자 분리막을 제조하여 특성화 한 후, 막의 열적특성 및 투과특성을 고찰하였다. CPSf와 MeVpI-DVB의 합성으로 혼성 반응 생성물이 아닌 blend가 형성되었으며, MeVpI-DVB에 대해 CPSf의 함량이 많을수록 열적안정도가 우수함을 알 수 있었고, 합성막은 종류에 따라 이온교환용량은 1.0~1.8(meq/g dry mem.), 함수율은 0.16~0.26(g $H_{2}O$/g dry mem.), 고정이온농도는 6.4~7.3(meq/g $H_2{O}$)의 범위를 보였다. $Cl^-$의 플럭스 변화는 CPSf 함량이 많을수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 폴리머
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

열 안정성과 우수한 기계적 성질을 갖는 poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PAES)을 음이온교환수지의 지지체로 이용하였다. $1^{\circ}$-Aminated poly(arylene ether sulfone) ($1^{\circ}$-APAES)은 PAES을 리튬화한후 환원 반응시켜 제조하였고, $3^{\circ}$-APAES의 아민기를 알킬화 반응시켜 제조하였다. PAES와 APAES들의 구조는 FT-IR과 H$^1$-NMR으로 확인하였고, 열적 특성은 DSC와 TG 분석을 통하여 조사하였다. PAES에 아민기가 도입됨에 따라 $T_g$는 증가하였고, 초기 열분해 온도는 감소하였다. $1^{\circ}$-APAES과 $3^{\circ}$-APAES의 이온교환용량은 각각 1.19와 1.45 meq/g 이었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.2955-2960
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• 2010

Spiro-type orange phosphorescent host materials, 9-diphenylphosphine oxide-spiro[fluorene-7,9'-benzofluorene] (OPH-1P) and 5-diphenylphosphine oxide-spiro[fluorene-7,9'-benzofluorene] (OPH-2P) were successfully prepared by a lithiation reaction followed by a phosphination reaction with diphenylphosphinic chloride. The EL characteristics of OPH-1P and OPH-2P as orange host materials doped with iridium(III) bis(2-phenylquinoline)acetylacetonate ($Ir(pq)_2acac$) were evaluated. The electroluminescence spectra of the ITO (150 nm)/DNTPD (60 nm)/NPB (30 nm)/OPH-1P or OPH-2P: $Ir(pq)_2acac$ (30 nm)/BCP (5 nm)/$Alq_3$ (20 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (200 nm) devices show a narrow emission band with a full width at half maximum of 75 nm and $\lambda_{max}$ = 596 nm. The device obtained from OPH-1P doped with 3% $Ir(pq)_2acac$ showed an orange color purity of (0.580, 0.385) and an efficiency of (14 cd/A at 7.0 V). The ability of the OPH-P series to combine a high triple energy with a low operating voltage is attributed to the inductive effect of the P=O moieties and subsequent energy lowering of the LUMO, resulting in the enhancement of both the electron injection and transport in the device. The overall result is a device with an EQE > 8% at high brightness, but operating voltage of less than 6.4 V, as compared to the literature voltages of ~10 V.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.139-142
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• 2018

Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material for next-generation lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high capacity of 4,200 mAh/g ($Li_{4.4}Si$ phase). However, the large volume expansion of Si during lithiation leads to electrical failure of electrode and rapid capacity decrease. Generally, a binder is homogeneously mixed with active materials to maintain electrical contact, so that Si needs a particular binding system due to its large volume expansion. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is known to form a hydrogen bond with partially hydrolyzed silicon oxide layer on Si nanoparticles. However, the decrease of its cohesiveness followed by the repeated volume change of Si still remains unsolved. To overcome this problem, we have introduced the electrospinning method to weave active materials in a stable nanofibrous PVA structure, where stresses from the large volume change of Si can be contained. We have confirmed that the capacity retention of Si-based LIBs using electrospun PVA matrix is higher compared to the conservative method (only dissolving in the slurry); the $25^{th}$ cycle capacity retention ratio based on the $2^{nd}$ cycle was 37% for the electrode with electrospun PVA matrix, compared to 27% and 8% for the electrodes with PVdF and PVA binders.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.277-277
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• 2010

The capacity of the carbonaceous materials reached ca. $350\;mAhg^{-1}$ which is close to theorestical value of the carbon intercalation composition $LiC_6$, resulting in a relatively low volumetric Li capacity. Notwithstanding the capacities of carbon, it will not adjust well to the need so future devices. Silicon shows the highest gravimetric capacities (up to $4000\;mAhg^{-1}$ for $Li_{21}Si_5$). Although Si is the most promising of the next generation anodes, it undergoes a large volume change during lithium insertion and extraction. It results in pulverization of the Si and loss of electrical contact between the Si and the current collector during the lithiation and delithiation. Thus, its capacity fades rapidly during cycling. We focused on electrode materials in the multiphase form which were composed of two metal compounds to reduce the volume change in material design. A combination of electrochemically amorphous active material in an inert matrix (Si-M) has been investigated for use as negative electrode materials in lithium ion batteries. The matrix composited of Si-M alloys system that; active material (Si)-inactive material (M) with Li; M is a transition metal that does not alloy with Li with Li such as Ti, V or Mo. We fabricated and tested a broad range of Si-M compositions. The electrodes were sputter-deposited on rough Cu foil. Electrochemical, structural, and compositional characterization was performed using various techniques. The structure of Si-M alloys was investigated using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Surface morphologies of the electrodes are observed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The electrochemical properties of the electrodes are studied using the cycling test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is found that the capacity is strongly dependent on Si content and cycle retention is also changed according to M contents. It may be beneficial to find materials with high capacity, low irreversible capacity and that do not pulverize, and that combine Si-M to improve capacity retention.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.288-288
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• 2013

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the most important rechargeable battery and portable energy storage for the electric digital devices. In particular, study about the higher energy capacity and longer cycle life is intensively studied because of applications in mobile electronics and electric vehicles. Generally, the LIB's capacity can be improved by replacing anode materials with high capacitance. The graphite, common anode materials, has a good cyclability but shows limitations of capacity (~374 mAh/g). On the contrary, silicon (Si) and germanium(Ge), which is same group elements, are promising candidate for high-performance LIB electrodes because it has a higher theoretical specific capacity. (Si:4200 mAh/g, Ge:1600 mAh/g) However, it is well known that Si volume change by 400% upon full lithiation (lithium insertion into Si), which result in a mechanical pulverization and poor capacity retention during cycling. Therefore, variety of nanostructure group IV elements, including nanoparticles, nanowires, and hollow nanospheres, can be promising solution about the critical issues associated with the large volume change. However, the fundamental research about correlation between the composition and structure for LIB anode is not studied yet. Herein, we successfully synthesized various structure of nanowire such as Si-Ge, Ge-Carbon and Si-graphene core-shell types and analyzed the properties of LIB. Nanowires (NWs) were grown on stainless steel substrates using Au catalyst via VLS (Vapor Liquid Solid) mechanism. And, core-shell NWs were grown by VS (Vapor-Solid) process on the surface of NWs. In order to characterize it, we used FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. We measured battery property of various nanostructures for checking the capacity and cyclability by cell-tester.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.174-181
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• 2008

The stability of the cathode materials for Li secondary battery is an important factor for its cyclability. The present paper focuses on the structural stability of $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ during lithiation/delithiation of Li ions and compared to that of $LiMn_{2}O_4$. $LiMn_{2}O_4$ and $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ powders are synthesized using a solgel method and their structural and electrochemical properties are investigated by XRD, SEM, and charge-discharge tests. $Li_xMn_2O_4$ and $Li_xNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$(x = 0.9,0.5,0.1) specimens are obtained after charge/discharge tests by controlling the cut-off voltage for XRD and TEM investigation. The charge-discharge tests shows that initial capacity of $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ is 125 mAh/g and that of LiMn2O4 is around 100 mAh/g. The capacity of $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ is maintained 95% of its initial capacity whereas the capacity of $LiMn_{2}O_4$ is maintained 65% of its initial capacity.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2023

Silicon (Si) is considered as a promising substitute for the conventional graphite due to its high theoretical specific capacity (3579 mAh/g, Li₁₅Si₄) and proper working voltage (~0.3V vs Li⁺/Li). However, the large volume change of Si during (de)lithiation brings about severe degradation of battery performances, rendering it difficult to be applied in the practical battery directly. As a one feasible candidate of industrial Si anode, silicon monoxide (SiO_x) demonstrates great electrochemical stability with its specialized strategy, downsized Si nanocrystallites surrounded by Li⁺ inactive buffer phase (Li₂O and Li₄SiO₄). Nevertheless, SiO_x inherently has the initial irreversible capacity and poor electrical conductivity. To overcome those issues, conformal carbon coating has been performed on SiO_x utilizing ethylbenzene as the carbon precursor of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Through various characterizations, it is confirmed that the carbon is homogeneously coated on the surface of SiO_x. Accordingly, the carbon-coated SiOx from CVD using ethylbenzene demonstrates 73% of the first cycle efficiency and great cycle life (88.1% capacity retention at 50th cycle). This work provides a promising synthetic route of the uniform and scalable carbon coating on Si anode for high-energy density.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2023

실리콘은 높은 이론적 전기화학 용량을 가짐으로 인해 차세대 리튬이온전지의 음극 소재로서 오랜 기간 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 실리콘의 리튬화/탈리튬화에 동반되는 극심한 부피 변화와 실리콘 본연의 낮은 전자전도성은 실리콘 음극의 실제 적용을 어렵게 하였다. 전도성 고분자 기반의 바인더는 이러한 문제를 동시에 해결할 수 있는 효과적인 수단으로, 바인더 분자 구조 디자인 및 기능성 부여를 통해 실리콘 음극의 성능을 크게 개선할 수 있음이 보고되었다. 본고에서는 실리콘 음극용 전도성 고분자 바인더의 대표적인 연구 성과들을 소개하고, 이를 통해 실리콘 음극의 한계를 극복하기 위한 바인더 디자인 전략에 대해 알아보고자 한다.