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Detection of Earnings Management as a Measure of Income Smoothing on Fluctuations in Exchange Rates: Managerial Implications for Korean Exporters

  • Ji, Sang-Hyun
    • Journal of Korea Trade
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.66-92
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    • 2019
  • Purpose - Foreign Exchange Rates (FER) have been one of the most significant factors for both Korean exporters and the economy of Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether exporters with a high level of Exchange Rate Elasticity of Sales (ERES) make the use of earnings management for Income Smoothing (IS). Design/methodology - Income smoothing was obtained using the methodology suggested by Leuz, Nanda and Wysocki (2003). Accruals-based Earnings Management (AEM) was estimated using Discretionary Accruals (DA) calculated by the operant Jones Model developed by Dechow, Sloan and Sweeney (1995). Real Earnings Management (REM) was obtained using the methodologies suggested by Roychowdhury (2006) and Cohen and Zarowin (2010). Data were 2,402 firm years of public listed companies on the KRX, which were not in the financial industry and had a settlement of accounts in December for the period from 2013 to 2017. Findings - Results of the evaluation are as follows. First, companies with higher levels of ERES have relatively lower levels of smoothing of reported income. This might be because a fluctuation in sales caused by an exchange rate fluctuation has a direct impact on the volatility of the reported income. Second, companies with high levels of both ERES and IS have a positive correlation with both AEM and REM. This might be because companies with high levels of IS engage in earnings management to smooth reported income. Specifically, it is possible to assume that for smoothing the reported income, not only AEM but also REM is practiced. Third, companies with high levels of ERES but low levels of IS have a negative correlation with both AEM and REM. This could be interpreted as companies exhibiting low levels of IS due to higher levels of ERES tend to control IS. In addition, such results were supported by firms relying highly on exporting, and are consequently sensitive to exchange rate fluctuation. Therefore, it may conclude that companies with high levels of ERES make the use of earnings management as a means of IS. Originality/value - This study can find its significance from the fact that it is the first study, empirically verifying that companies of Korea, where exportation is a large part, use both AEM and REM as a means for smoothing reported income upon facing exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, it is highly expected that the results of this study could be useful for participants of financial markets when making IS-related decisions.

The Effect of Tax Investigation Probability on Entertainment Expenses in the Construction Industry (건설업의 세무조사 가능성이 접대비 지출에 미치는 영향)

  • Ahn, Mi-Gang;Lee, Su-Ji;Park, Sung-Jae
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.153-161
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    • 2021
  • This study examined whether the probability of a tax investigation by the general construction industry could reduce the entertainment expenses in order to confirm whether a tax investigation can reduce excessive discretionary expenses of firms. Among the general construction industry listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ from 2011 to 2018, 274 firms with sales exceeding 10 billion won in the previous year were targeted at the tax audit selection rate and the tax audit detection rate, which is a proxy for the possibility of a tax investigation. The effect of the ratio of entertainment expenses to sales and the increase rate of entertainment expenses was verified. As a result of the analysis, both the selection rate and the detection rate of the tax investigation have a significant negative effect on the proxy variable of the discretionary expenses measured as the proportion of entertainment expenses and the increase rate of entertainment expenses. The results of this study showed that the tax investigation is a means to curb the excessive expenditure of the firm's discretionary expenses, thus suggesting the direction for the taxation policy and the effectiveness of the tax investigation.

Industry Analyses on the Research & Development Expenditures for Korean Chaebol Firms (국내 재벌 계열사들의 연구개발비에 대한 재무적 산업효과 분석)

  • Kim, Hanjoon
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.379-389
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    • 2019
  • The study empirically investigates financial factors that may influence on corporate R&D intensity during the post-era of the global financial turmoil (from 2010 to 2015) to mitigate possible spillover effect associated with the crisis. Concerning the empirical research settings of the study, chaebol firms listed in the KOSPI stock market are used as sample data with adopting various econometric estimation methods to enhance validity of the results. In the first hypothesis test, it is found that there exist inter-industry financial differences in terms of the ratio of R&D expenditure across all the sample years, but the statistical differences may arise from only a few domestic industries beloning to the high-growth sector. Moreover, it is also interesting to identify that, for the high-tech sector, 3 explanatory variables such as R&D intensity in a prior year, firm size and change in cash holdings are proved to be financial factors to discriminate between chaebol firms and their counterparts of non-chaebol firms, whereas a proportion of tangible assets over total assets as well as the former two variables are shown to be significant factors on the R&D intensity for the low-tech sector.

The impact of suitability between competitive strategy and organizational culture on performance by balanced scorecard perspective (경쟁전략과 조직문화의 적합성이 균형성과표 관점별 성과에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Won-Ju
    • Management & Information Systems Review
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.105-118
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    • 2019
  • In order for a strategy established by a company to be implemented efficiently, it must be supported by an appropriate organizational culture. This means that if a firm has an organizational culture suitable for strategy implementation, performance can be enhanced. This study divides competitive strategy into cost leadership strategy and product differentiation strategy, and organizational culture into hierarchical/rational culture and consensual/development culture. Based on 122 questionnaires collected through KOSPI listed manufacturing companies, the results of the empirical analysis on the effect of suitability between competitive strategy and organizational culture on performance by balanced scorecard perspective are summarized as follows. First, it shows that the cost leadership strategy and the hierarchical/rational culture are more fit. Specifically, The high suitability between the cost leadership strategy and the hierarchical/rational culture has a positive effect on the performance of the balanced scorecard perspective(excluding performance by learning and growth perspective). Second, The high suitability between the product differentiation strategy and the consensual/development culture has a positive effect on the performance of the balanced scorecard perspective. The results of this study suggest that it is important to form a corporate culture that can lead to changes in the beliefs and behaviors of organizational members in accordance with the competitive strategy in order to successfully implement the strategies established by the company.

The Earnings Quality and Firm Characteristics - KOSDAQ (기업특성에 따른 회계이익의 질 - 코스닥기업 대상)

  • Moon, Hyun-Ju
    • Korean small business review
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.123-146
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    • 2020
  • This study, targeting KOSDAQ-listed companies, examined the relationship between variability of accruals and corporate characteristics. First, the analysis results show that executives of companies with high debt ratios are more likely to violate debt contracts, so there is a strong temptation to use discretionary accrual items. Second, for companies with large volatility in operating cash flows, Executives of these companies are strongly inclined to utilize accruals for the purpose of abuse of discretion. Third, the larger the company, the more sensitive it is to political costs, so it is less tempted to use the accruals item than a smaller company. Fourth, the corporate age is thought to be the maturity of the company, Executives of such companies have little room to use accruals to abuse their discretion. Fifth, in the case of profit dummy variables, the companies reporting losses have more temporary accrual items than those reporting profits, so this increases the uncertainty in their accounting information than the latter. Sixth, for those companies that are indicated as inappropriate as a result of audit, the more likely their executives are to use the accrual items, and the lower the quality of their accounting profits is. Lastly, Companies audited by 4 Big domestic accounting firms have less discretionary accrual fluctuations than companies audited by non-big 4 accounting firms. Thus, it was found that the accrual amount allows the discretion of corporate executives differently according to the characteristics of the company.

Convertible Bond Issue Announcements and Stock Price Changes: Focusing on Domestic and Offshore CB Issues (전환사채 발행공시와 주식가격 변화: 국내외 전환사채 발행을 중심으로)

  • Lee, Hyun-Chul
    • International Area Studies Review
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.87-106
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    • 2011
  • Using an event study, this paper investigates stock price reactions on Korean listed firms' convertible bond (CB) issue announcements over the sample period of January 2000 to November 2007. This study finds that on the Korean Security market, the CB issue announcements are associated with an increase in shareholder wealth on the announcement date. An information leakage by insider traders is also observable at preannouncement dates. Unlike the prior studies that indicate a prevailing negative effect on the announcements, this paper shows that domestic CB issue announcements as well as offshore ones yield a positive impact on the stock prices. This presents that in terms of stock price reactions to the CB issue announcements, the two CB issue markets show the positively same effects on shareholder wealth for the post-2000 period. For its drivers, this paper suggests that on the Korean market, firm size have negative relationship with the increase in the wealth incurred by the announcements. By contrast, an issue to maturity, a growth opportunity, and a relative issue size make a positive impact on it.

A Study on ESG Activities of Shipping Companies (해운기업의 ESG 활동에 관한 연구)

  • Soon-Wook Hong
    • Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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    • v.48 no.1
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    • pp.55-61
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    • 2024
  • Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management may be one of the recent hot topics in corporate management. The purpose of this paper was to study the level of ESG activities of shipping companies. The shipping industry is known to have low transparency and low favorability (Yun, 2022). This study determined whether ESG activities of shipping companies known to the public or studied qualitatively were consistent with objective facts through quantitative analysis. Analysis was conducted on 8,009 firm-year KOSP I listed companies from 2010 to 2022 using ESG ratings evaluated and published by KCGS. As a result of the analysis, it was found that shipping companies had a lower level of ESG activities than non-shipping companies. Although many research studies have been done on companies' ESG activities, research on corporate social responsibility activities and ESG activities of domestic shipping companies is limited. This paper is significant in that it is the first study to quantitatively analyze ESG management status of domestic shipping companies. Shipping companies should make efforts to improve their images, improve their business performances, and increase corporate sustainability by taking the lead in proactive ESG activities rather than performing passive ESG activities due to external regulations such as IMO 2020 and IMO 2050.

A Study on New Pochonka Published in A.D. 1792 (1792년에 출간된 새로운 보천가(步天歌)에 대한 연구)

  • Ahn, Sang-Hyeon
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.603-620
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    • 2009
  • New Pochonka published in the eighteenth century of the Choson dynasty was composed of star-charts based on the new observations made by Jesuits in China and songs corrected a little bit from previous version of Pochonka. The asterisms in the previous Pochonka are listed in the same order to that in the Song dynasty's literature; while the asterisms in the new Pochonka are listed in accordance with Pu-tien-ko published in China after the Ming dynasty. The Chinese-style twelve-equatorial-section system is adopted in the new Pochonka, while in its song is adopted the zodiac system, which can be seen in the star-charts of previous version of Pochonka. The asterisms belonging to three or four neighboring lunar-mansions are drawn in one chart. Each chart covers asterisms not belonging to a certain range of right ascension, but to a certain lunar mansion. We estimate the forming era of the new Pochonka from the following facts; that the Ling-Tai-I-Hsiang-Chih was used to make charts and footnotes whose archetype can be found in the Chinese literature around A.D. 1700, that these Chinese books were imported into Choson in A.D. 1709, that the naming taboo to the emperor Khang-Hsi was used, that the order of Shen-Hsiu (參宿) was transposed with Tshui-Hsiu (자宿), and that the new Pochonka was substituted for the old version when the rules of Royal Astronomical Bureau was reformed in A.D. 1791. In conclusion, the parent sources of the charts and footnotes of the new Pochonka might be imported from the Ching dynasty around 1709 A.D. to form the new Pochonka between A.D. 1709 and A.D. 1791, and finally to be published in A.D. 1792. We discuss the possible future works to make a firm conclusion.

The Prediction of DEA based Efficiency Rating for Venture Business Using Multi-class SVM (다분류 SVM을 이용한 DEA기반 벤처기업 효율성등급 예측모형)

  • Park, Ji-Young;Hong, Tae-Ho
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.139-155
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    • 2009
  • For the last few decades, many studies have tried to explore and unveil venture companies' success factors and unique features in order to identify the sources of such companies' competitive advantages over their rivals. Such venture companies have shown tendency to give high returns for investors generally making the best use of information technology. For this reason, many venture companies are keen on attracting avid investors' attention. Investors generally make their investment decisions by carefully examining the evaluation criteria of the alternatives. To them, credit rating information provided by international rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's, Moody's and Fitch is crucial source as to such pivotal concerns as companies stability, growth, and risk status. But these types of information are generated only for the companies issuing corporate bonds, not venture companies. Therefore, this study proposes a method for evaluating venture businesses by presenting our recent empirical results using financial data of Korean venture companies listed on KOSDAQ in Korea exchange. In addition, this paper used multi-class SVM for the prediction of DEA-based efficiency rating for venture businesses, which was derived from our proposed method. Our approach sheds light on ways to locate efficient companies generating high level of profits. Above all, in determining effective ways to evaluate a venture firm's efficiency, it is important to understand the major contributing factors of such efficiency. Therefore, this paper is constructed on the basis of following two ideas to classify which companies are more efficient venture companies: i) making DEA based multi-class rating for sample companies and ii) developing multi-class SVM-based efficiency prediction model for classifying all companies. First, the Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) is a non-parametric multiple input-output efficiency technique that measures the relative efficiency of decision making units(DMUs) using a linear programming based model. It is non-parametric because it requires no assumption on the shape or parameters of the underlying production function. DEA has been already widely applied for evaluating the relative efficiency of DMUs. Recently, a number of DEA based studies have evaluated the efficiency of various types of companies, such as internet companies and venture companies. It has been also applied to corporate credit ratings. In this study we utilized DEA for sorting venture companies by efficiency based ratings. The Support Vector Machine(SVM), on the other hand, is a popular technique for solving data classification problems. In this paper, we employed SVM to classify the efficiency ratings in IT venture companies according to the results of DEA. The SVM method was first developed by Vapnik (1995). As one of many machine learning techniques, SVM is based on a statistical theory. Thus far, the method has shown good performances especially in generalizing capacity in classification tasks, resulting in numerous applications in many areas of business, SVM is basically the algorithm that finds the maximum margin hyperplane, which is the maximum separation between classes. According to this method, support vectors are the closest to the maximum margin hyperplane. If it is impossible to classify, we can use the kernel function. In the case of nonlinear class boundaries, we can transform the inputs into a high-dimensional feature space, This is the original input space and is mapped into a high-dimensional dot-product space. Many studies applied SVM to the prediction of bankruptcy, the forecast a financial time series, and the problem of estimating credit rating, In this study we employed SVM for developing data mining-based efficiency prediction model. We used the Gaussian radial function as a kernel function of SVM. In multi-class SVM, we adopted one-against-one approach between binary classification method and two all-together methods, proposed by Weston and Watkins(1999) and Crammer and Singer(2000), respectively. In this research, we used corporate information of 154 companies listed on KOSDAQ market in Korea exchange. We obtained companies' financial information of 2005 from the KIS(Korea Information Service, Inc.). Using this data, we made multi-class rating with DEA efficiency and built multi-class prediction model based data mining. Among three manners of multi-classification, the hit ratio of the Weston and Watkins method is the best in the test data set. In multi classification problems as efficiency ratings of venture business, it is very useful for investors to know the class with errors, one class difference, when it is difficult to find out the accurate class in the actual market. So we presented accuracy results within 1-class errors, and the Weston and Watkins method showed 85.7% accuracy in our test samples. We conclude that the DEA based multi-class approach in venture business generates more information than the binary classification problem, notwithstanding its efficiency level. We believe this model can help investors in decision making as it provides a reliably tool to evaluate venture companies in the financial domain. For the future research, we perceive the need to enhance such areas as the variable selection process, the parameter selection of kernel function, the generalization, and the sample size of multi-class.

The Association Between Accounting Conservatism and Corporate Investment Expenditure in Korean Listed Firms During the Global Financial Crisis (글로벌 금융위기가 한국 기업의 투자지출에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증적 분석: 회계보수주의를 중심으로)

  • Kim, Byoung Ho
    • International Area Studies Review
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.121-148
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    • 2018
  • This paper examines the role of accounting conservatism on investment expenditure for non-financial Korean listed firms around the 2007-2008 global financial crisis using a differences-in-differences design. Specifically, this paper examines the association between an ex ante classification of firms by their level of accounting conservatism prior to the credit crisis and the ex post magnitude of the decline in investment. Consistent with prior literature, this study found that firms experienced a decline in their investment when hit by the financial crisis (Campello et al. 2010). And also this study found that firms with more conservative financial reporting experienced a smaller decline in investment activity following the financial crisis than did firms with less conservative financial reporting. Together, the results suggest that negative shocks to the supply of external finance hampers firm-level investment and that conservative financial reporting can lessen the sensitivity of firms' investment to such negative shocks. Next, this study shows that the magnitude of our findings is greater for firms more likely to suffer from underinvestment (as opposed to overinvestment). Firms that are financially constrained or have greater demand for external finance are more likely to experience underinvestment. Consistent with the predictions, this study finds stronger benefits of conservatism for firms that face relatively greater costs in raising external capital (i.e., financially constrained firms) or that have a relatively greater need to do so (i.e., firms that lack internal financial resources). This study also finds that the role for conservatism is greater in firms with a higher level of information asymmetry, consistent with the notion that conservatism mitigates financing frictions arising from information problems.