• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.134-137
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• 1977

The most efficient method for reducing the organic content of dilute liquid waste is by aerobic-biological treatment. Basically, the organisms responsible for treatment possess the ability to decompose complex organic compounds and to use the energy so liberated for their bodily functions: reproduction, growth, locomotion and so on. That part of organic matter used to produce energy is converted to the essentially stable end products of carbon dioxide, water and ammonia, while the remainder is converted to new cells which can be settled and thus removed from the liquid before the waste is discharged to the receiving body water. Oxygen must be supplied continuously during the aerobic process. In the field of sewage treatment the Warburg respirometer is used mainly for the measurement of the oxygen uptake of samples. In this experiment the Warburg constant volume respirometer was used to determine the oxygen uptake by bacteria in the presence of various glucose concentrations. The rate of oxygen uptake by the bacteria was expressed as the respiratory quotient. The result indicated that the oxygen uptake was proportional to the glucose concentration. The expecting equation of the regression line was Y=7.7+0.12X where Y: respiratory quotient, ${\mu}l.\;O_2$ taken up/mg. dry wt. bacterium/hr. X: concentration of glucose, mg/l

• 셀메드
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.14.1-14.4
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• 2017

Rumex crispus (RC) or Cordyceps militaris (CM) has been used traditionally to treat various diseases and has been also consumed as a functional food made by humanitas medicine concept. We prepared a new herbal mixture, AST2017-01 which is mainly composed of processed (Beopje)-RC (P-RC) and -CM (P-CM). This study aims to validate marker compounds (chrysophanol and cordycepin) in P-RC and P-CM and water extracted-RC and -CM using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, we analyzed contents of chrysophanol and cordycepin in AST2017-01. The linarites of chrysophanol and cordycepin were obtained in calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation of 0.999. The results showed that the concentrations of chrysophanol and cordycepin in P-RC and P-CM were almost 1.70 and 1.23 fold higher than that in RC and CM, respectively. Furthermore, contents of chrysophanol and cordycepin in the AST2017-01 are approximately 0.13% and 0.028%, respectively. In conclusion, these results indicate that chrysophanol and cordycepin were validated as marker compounds in the AST2017-01.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.45.1-45.1
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated a calcium phosphate-calcium sulfate injectable bone substitute (IBS) with organic reinforcement of chitosan, citric acid and hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose (HPMC). The powder component of IBS consisted of tetra calcium phosphate (TTCP), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD). The liquid component was a solution of citric acid and chitosan. The effect of HPMC in terms of setting time, compressive strength and apatite forming ability on this IBS was investigated. The mass content of HPMC in liquid phase was varied in array of 0%, 2%, 3% and 4%. The setting times obtained between 20 and 45 minutes. Compressive strength was achieved over 20 MPa after incubation at 370C and in 100% humidity for 28 days. Porosities were evaluated in relation with compressive strength. Elastic moduli of the 28 days after-incubation IBS were obtained around 4GPa

• 핵의학기술
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2016

1. 목적 자동분주기를 이용하여 검사한 Cyclosporine검사에서 표준액들이 curve를 벗어나고, 결과값의 재현성이 크게 떨어지는 것이 발견되었다. Cyclosporine검사는 다른 검사와 차이점이 methanol과 전혈을 혼합 후 원심분리 하여 methanol 추출액을 사용하여 검사를 한다는 것이다. 검사 결과 이상의 원인이 methanol 사용에 의한 것으로 파악되어 본 실험을 시작하였다. 본원에서 사용하는 분주기는 Perkin Elmer 사의 Multiprobe II plus 로, 분주하는 액체의 점도, 샘플링 tip의 size, 사용하는 모터의 속도에 따라 여러 설정값을 조정하라고 안내되어 있을 뿐 정확한 지침은 없었다. 이에 사용하는 액체별 분주성능을 측정하고 최적의 분주성능을 위한 설정값을 찾기 위해 연구하였다. 2. 대상 및 방법 분주력 측정을 위해 4가지 용액(water, serum, methanol, PEG 6000(25%))와 $TSH^{125}I$ tracer (515 kBq)을 사용 하였고, 실제 결과 값을 비교하기 위해 2016년 1월에 본원에 검사 의뢰된 Cyclosporine검체 29개를 측정하였다. 4가지의 용액을 multi pipette을 이용하여 각각 $400{\mu}l$ 분주하고 tracer $100{\mu}l$씩을 섞어 용액별로 8개의 검체를 준비하였다. 준비된 sample을 분주기로 $100{\mu}l$씩 분주하여 CPM을 측정하고, 용액별로 CV(%)를 계산하였다. 그리고 분주기의 air gap, 분주속도와 지연시간을 변경한 후 다시 분주하여 측정한 CPM을 CV(%)로 계산하여 설정 값 변경에 따른 CV(%)값의 변화를 측정하여 최적의 설정 값을 찾는다. Cyclosporine검체 29개를 (1)manual검사 (2)기존 설정 값으로 검사 (3)수정한 설정값으로 검사 했을 때의 결과를 비교하였다. 용액별 분주력 평가는 CV(%)를 이용하여 계산하였고, 실제 검사 결과 값의 비교는 manual검사 결과를 기준으로 기존 설정 값으로 검사 했을 때, 수정한 설정 값으로 검사 했을 때의 결과 값을 Difference(%)와 상대오차(%Relative error : %RE)로 비교해 보았다. 3. 결과 4가지 용액과 tracer를 섞어 분주한 CPM의 CV(%)는 water 0.88, serum 0.95, methanol 10.22, PEG는 0.68로 methanol을 제외한 용액들은 1% 이내였으나, methanol은 CPM 차이가 두드러졌다. methanol 분주를 기존 설정 값인 Transport air gap 0에서 2와 5로 변경하여 검사 시 CV(%)는 각각 20.16, 12.54, System air gap 0에서 2와 5로 변경 시 8.94, 1.36으로 나타났다. System air gap 2, Transport air gap 2로 변경 시 CV(%)는 12.96, System air gap 5, Transport air gap 5로 변경 시 1.33 이었고, Dispense speed를 300에서 100으로 변경 시 CV(%)는 13.32, Dispense delay를 200에서 100으로 변경 시는 13.55인 것으로 나타났다. 분주기를 이용하여 기존설정 값으로 검사 시에는 manual검사 결과 값에 비해 평균 99.44%증가 하였고, 상대오차는 93.59%로 나타났다. 수정된 설정 값(System air gap 0에서 5로 변경, 다른 설정은 기존과 동일)으로 검사 했을 때는 manual검사 결과 값에 비해 결과가 평균 6.75% 증가 하였고, 상대오차는 5.10%로 상대오차의 허용기준치 10%에 비하여 양호한 결과가 나왔다. 4. 결론 Transport air gap, Dispense speed, Delay time을 조정하였을 때는 CV(%)가 증가하였고, System air gap을 조정 하였을 때 CV(%)가 현저하게 감소하였다. 실제 검사결과에서도 이를 확인 할 수 있었다. methanol을 이용한 Cyclosporine검사 kit는 올해 2월에 단종이 되었지만, 분주기를 사용함에 있어 용액에 따른 분주성능에 차이가 있을 수 있음을 염두해 두어야 하고 새로운 용액을 분주해야 할때는 미량저울로 분주량을 측정하거나 CPM으로 분주성능을 측정하여 해당 용액이 분주기를 사용함에 적절한지 검증 후 사용하여야 할 것으로 사료되어 본 실험결과를 보고하고자 한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2018

Background: Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) exhibit extensive activities, but few analytical methods have been established to exclusively determine the dammarane triterpene saponins in PNL. Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) and HPLC-UV methods were developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in PNL, respectively. Results: Extraction conditions, including solvents and extraction methods, were optimized, which showed that ginsenosides Rc and Rb3, the main components of PNL, are transformed to notoginsenosides Fe and Fd, respectively, in the presence of water, by removing a glucose residue from position C-3 via possible enzymatic hydrolysis. A total of 57 saponins were identified in the methanolic extract of PNL by UPLC/Q-TOF MS. Among them, 19 components were unambiguously characterized by their reference substances. Additionally, seven saponins of PNL-ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rb3, and notoginsenosides Fc, Fe, and Fd-were quantified using the HPLC-UV method after extraction with methanol. The separation of analytes, particularly the separation of notoginsenoside Fc and ginsenoside Rc, was achieved on a Zorbax ODS C8 column at a temperature of $35^{\circ}C$. This developed HPLC-UV method provides an adequate linearity ($r^2$ > 0.999), repeatability (relative standard deviation, RSD < 2.98%), and inter- and intraday variations (RSD < 4.40%) with recovery (98.7-106.1%) of seven saponins concerned. This validated method was also conducted to determine seven components in 10 batches of PNL. Conclusion: These findings are beneficial to the quality control of PNL and its relevant products.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.4409-4413
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• 2016

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common of malignancy found in Thai women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major cause. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPV infection and association with abnormal cervical cytology in Thai women. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Gynecologic Clinic, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand. A total of 2,144 cases who underwent annual cervical cancer screening by co-testing (liquid based cytology and HPV testing, DNA versus mRNA) during the priod from July 2013 to June 2016 were recruited in this study. Results: Prevalence of positive high risk (HR) HPV DNA and mRNA test were 19.7 and 8.4%, respectively with a statistically significant difference. Majority of cases of abnormal cytology in this study were atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). In patients with ASC-US, positive HR HPV DNA was greater than in the mRNA group (10.1 and 4.5%, p<0.001). Nonetheless, there was no significant difference in participants with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). HPV mRNA test had slightly lower sensitivity but higher negative predictive value (NPV) than the DNA test to detect abnormal cytology during cervical cancer screening (p<0.001). Both HPV test (DNA and mRNA) had equally efficacy to detect high grade precancerous lesion or higher (CIN 2+). Conclusions: Prevalence of HR HPV DNA and mRNA were 19.7 and 8.4 percent, respectively. NPV of HPV mRNA was higher than DNA test. Both tests had equal efficacy to detect CIN 2+ with sensitivity and specificity of 63% vs 55.7% and 83% vs 92%, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.2051-2055
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• 2014

Background: To evaluate the performance of Siriraj liquid-based cytology (LBC) for cervical neoplasia screening after increasing use of this technology. Materials and Methods: Cytological reports of 103,057 Siriraj-LBC specimens obtained in 2007-2009 were compared with those of 23,676 specimens obtained in 2006. Results: Comparing with the year 2006, the 2007-2009 patients were slightly older ($43.4{\pm}12.yr$ vs $42.7{\pm}12.2yr$, p <0.001), and their specimens had much lower proportion of unsatisfactory slides (OR=0.06, 95%CI 0.04-0.09) with comparable detection rates (3.96% vs 3.70%, p=0.052) but different proportions of various cytological abnormalities (p<0.001). The 2007-2009 Siriraj-LBC had a negative predictive value (NPV) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ (CIN2+) of 97.6% and an overall positive predictive value (PPV) of 43.9%. The PPV for CIN2+ varied with types of abnormal cytology, from 13.7% to 93.8% in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), atypical squamous cells cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), atypical glandular cells (AGC), to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), respectively. The PPVs for CIN2+ in ASCUS and LSIL were comparable, but the PPV for CIN1 was higher for LSIL than for ASCUS (41.63% vs 16.32%). Conclusions: Siriraj-LBC has demonstrated a stable detection rate and NPV for CIN2+ of >95% since the first year of use. The comparable PPVs for CIN2+ of ASCUS and LSIL suggests that these two conditions may undergo similar management; other cytological abnormalities need immediate evaluation.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.43-53
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• 2011

According to the result about 'San Jiao(三焦)'recorded on "Yellow Empero's Canon Internal Medicine Ling Shu(黃帝內經 靈樞)", we achieved following results. 1. As we consider the concept of 'San Jiao' recorded on "Ling Shu", in early time, it was related to bladder(膀胱) and there was no divided concept into 'Shang Jiao(上焦)', 'Zhong Jiao(中焦)' and 'Xia Jiao(下焦)'. Later, there was appearance of body metabolism concept in anatomic way and started to emphasize that stomach(胃) is the very beginning of digestion. This point then adjusted into the concept which the core theory of digestion and water metabolism begins with 'Zhong Jiao' and processes to 'Shang Jiao' and 'Xia Jiao' then it established the 'San Jiao' theory adjusted to the functional change than property change. Later as there is set theoretical structure of 'three Yin and three Yang(三陰三陽)', it included the concept of 'San Jiao' onto meridian system theory to complete as a theory. Finally, it completed the theoretical structure that 'San Jiao' runs water metabolism of circulation, body fluid and urine for body to produce blood and Qi to protect and provide nutrition to the human body. 2. From the point of each part, 'San Jiao' means all body composition factor related to the relation to the digestion and water metabolism to produce Qi and blood. Also, the details of entire function of 'San Jiao' tells that 'Zhong Jiao' intakes food and divides the clarity and turbidity of digested substances. The origin of this digestion and water metabolism lies at Xia Jiao. The clean substance including the mood and taste climbs via Shang Jiao. The vapor like substance climbed to Shang Jiao becomes 'defensive Qi(衛氣)' and controls body temperature and sweat by supporting and spreading the Qi by Shang Jiao. The liquid substance climbed to Shang Jiao becomes blood. The blood has stronger character as substance than defensive Qi so Zhong Jiao becomes the base and the way for the blood. The turbid Qi separated at Zhong Jiao passes large intestine and the solid substance is excreted and the liquid is absorbed into bladder. The Xia Jiao that controls this process controls the liquid state of water matabolism so control the urine with bladder. Therefore, 'San Jiao' can be understood as a general concept that controls entire water metabolism as a way of food, Qi and blood.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2011

식품의약품안전청에서 고시한 한약재 중 잔류농약 분석법에 따라 천궁 중 bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr 및 chlorpyrifos와 황기 중 acetamiprid, azoxystrobin을 분석한 결과 크로마토그램 상에 많은 간섭물질이 나타나고 회수율이 낮은 문제점이 나타났다. 이를 개선하기 위한 방법으로 액-액 분배 과정 대신 macroporous diatomaceous earth(MDE) 컬럼을 적용하고 정제 시 용출용매 조건을 최적화함으로써 회수율은 황기에서 acetamiprid 89.6~94.1%, azoxystrobin 86.8~94.4%, 천궁에서 bifenthrin 83.6~88.4%, chlorfenapyr 77.4~83.8%, chlorpyrifos 82.6~84.3%, 변이계수(CV)는 전체시료에서 0.5~1.7%로 나타나 잔류농약 분석기준인 70~120% 의 회수율과 10% 이내의 변이계수를 만족하였다. 액-액 분배 과정을 대신하여 MDE 컬럼을 적용함으로써 발암가능 물질로 분류된 methylene chloride 사용을 배제할 수 있어 분석자의 안전성을 증대시킬 수 있었다. 또한 발생하는 폐액의 감소와 전처리 시 노동력 및 시간의 절감, 분석자간의 재현성 양호 등의 이점도 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1975

The rate of growth of Leptospires were studied by culturing in Korthof's media and Cox's liquid media which were treated at four different temperatures. The effect of thiamine hydrochloride in the culture of leptospires were also studied. The results obtained were summerized as followings: 1. The best growth of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and Leptospira canicola was observed in Korthof's media with the rabbit serum heated for 60 minutes at $56^{\circ}C$. 2. A good degree of growth of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and Leptospira canicola was observed in both Cox's liquid media with rabbit serum heated for 30 minutes at $100^{\circ}C$ and with fresh rabbit serum. 3. The growth of Leptospira was enhanced by adding small amount of thiamine to the both media which were shown to be unsatisfactory for the growth of the organisms. 4. Culture of leptospires were attained by simply heating for 30 minutes at $100^{\circ}C$ both Korthof's media and Cox's liquid media containing rabbit serum obtained without aspetic procedures.