• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1998

Correlations of drop size and velocity in a spray from the disintegration of liquid jet and liquid film from an internal mixing twin-fluid atomizer, were determined by phase Doppler method. The distribution pattern of Sauter mean diameter(SMD) in a spray was changed by a behavior of liquid flow. As smaller droplets became faster and slower easily by the surrounding conditions, the correlation between drop size and mean velocity was found to be varied as next 3 steps; firstly smaller droplets have a higher mean velocity at the area near atomizer, droplets have almost the same mean velocity and finally larger droplets have a higher mean velocity at the area far from an atomizer.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.1951-1956
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• 2004

The transient nature and complex flow geometries of two-phase gas-liquid flows cause fundamental difficulties when measuring flow velocity using an electromagnetic flowmeter. Recently, a current-sensing flowmeter was introduced to obtain measurements with high temporal resolution (Ahn et $al.^{(1)}$). In this study, current-sensing flowmeter theory was applied to measure the fast velocity transients in slug flows. To do this, the velocity fields of axisymmetric gas-liquid slug flow in a vertical pipe were obtained using Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method and the virtual potential distributions for the electrodes of finite size were also computed using the finite volume method for the simulated slug flow. The output signal prediction for slug flow was carried out from the velocity and virtual potential (or weight function) fields. The flowmeter was numerically calibrated to obtain the cross-sectional liquid mean velocity at an electrode plane from the predicted output signal. Two calibration parameters are required for this procedure: a flow pattern coefficient and a localization parameter. The flow pattern coefficient was defined by the ratio of the liquid resistance between the electrodes for two-phase flow with respect to that for single-phase flow, and the localization parameter was introduced to avoid errors in the flowmeter readings caused by liquid acceleration or deceleration around the electrodes. These parameters were also calculated from the computed velocity and virtual potential fields. The results can be used to obtain the liquid mean velocity from the slug flow signal measured by a current-sensing flowmeter.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.04b
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• pp.943-948
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• 2000

The Twin-fluid Swirl Nozzles are used in many parts of the industry to produce homogeneous spray. This study is to investigate the effects of outer air swiller and inner water swiller on atomization of liquid.. The experiment was carried out with increasing air-flow rate at constant liquid-flow rate and with changing outer air swiller angle and inner water swiller angle. A Particle Dynamics Analyzer(PDA) was used to measure drop size, mean and ms values of axial velocity, number density and Sauter mean diameter(SMD). The axial mean velocity and SMD of droplets were measured along the center line and radial directions. It was found that the higher air flow-rate resulted in the smaller Sauter mean diameter of liquid spray and the higher axial mean velocity of droplets. This experimental results will be conveniently used for the preliminary design stage of twin-fluid nozzle development.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.909-914
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• 2001

Fluid properties which are most commonly used to evaluate spray atomization characteristics, are important because they affect velocity and size distribution of droplets. The purpose of this study was to incorporate the significant characteristics in atomization process of industrial etching spray and how each of them affects the design of precise pressure-swirl nozzles. The experiment was carried out with different viscosity and density of fluid. The macro characteristics of liquid spray, such as the spray angle and shape were captured by PMAS and the micro characteristics of liquid spray, such as droplet size and velocity were obtained by PDA. The mean velocity and SMD of droplets were measured along axial and radial direction. It was found that the higher viscosity and density resulted in the larger SMD and the lower mean velocity of droplets.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.29 no.6 s.237
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• pp.671-686
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• 2005

The transient nature and complex geometries of two-phase gas-liquid flows cause fundamental difficulties when measuring flow velocity using an electromagnetic flowmeter. Recently, a current-sensing flowmeter was introduced to obtain measurements with high temporal resolution (Ahn et al.). In this study, current-sensing flowmeter theory was applied to measure the fast velocity transients in slug flows. The velocity fields of axisymmetric gas-liquid slug flow in a vertical pipe were obtained using Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method, and the virtual potential distributions for the electrodes of finite size were also computed using the finite volume method for simulating slug flow. The output signal prediction for slug flow was carried out from the velocity and virtual potential (or weight function) fields. The flowmeter was numerically calibrated to obtain the cross-sectional liquid mean velocity at an electrode plane from the predicted output signal. Two calibration parameters are proposed for this procedure: a flow pattern coefficient and a localization parameter. The flow pattern coefficient was defined by the ratio of the liquid resistance between the electrodes for two-phase flow with respect to that for single-phase flow, and the localization parameter was introduced to avoid errors in the flowmeter readings caused by liquid acceleration or deceleration around the electrodes. These parameters were also calculated from the computed velocity and virtual potential fields. The results can be used to obtain the liquid mean velocity from the slug flow signal measured by a current-sensing flowmeter.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.198-207
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• 1996

It is well known that drag reduction in single phase liquid flow is affected by polymer material, molecular weight, polymer concentration, pipe diameter, and flow velocity. Drag reduction in two phase flow can be applied to the transport of crude oil, phase change system such as chemical reactor, pool and boiling flow, and to present cavitation which occurs in pump impellers. But the research of drag reduction in two phase flow is not sufficient. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the drag reduction by measuring pressure drop, void fraction, mean liquid velocity, and turbulent intensity whether polymer is added in the horizontal two phase system or not. Experiment has been conducted in a test section with the inner diameter of 24mm and the length of 1,500mm. The polymer materials used are two kinds of polyacrylamide[PAAM] and co-polymer[A611P]. The polymer concentration was varied with 50, 100 and 200 ppm under the same experimental conditions. Experimental results showed that the drag reduction of co-polymer is higher than that of polyacrylamide. Mean liquid velocities increased as polymer was added, and turbulent intensity decreased inversely near the pipe wall.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1472-1480
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• 1996

The phenomena of drag reduction using small quantities of a linear macromolecules has attracted the attention of experimental investigations. It is well known that drag reduction in single phase liquid flow is affected by polymer materials, molecular weight, polymer concentration, pipe diameter and flow velocity. But the research on drag reduction in two phase flow has not intensively investigated. Drag reduction can be applied to phase change system such as chemical reactor, pool and boiling flow, and to flow with cavitation which occurs pump impellers. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the drag reduction by measuring pressure drop, mean liquid velocity, and turbulent intensity and determine the effects of polymer additives on drag reduction in horizontal two phase flow. Experimental results show higher drag reduction using co-polymer comparing with using polyacrylamide. Mean liquid velocities increase as adding more polymer, and turbulent intensities decrease as the distance for the wall in inversed.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2007

The spray characteristics and drop size measurements have been experimentally studied in liquid jets injected into subsonic crossflow. With water as fuel injection velocity, injection angle and atomize. internal flows were varied to provide of jet operation conditions. The injector internal flow was classified as three modes such as a non-cavitation flow, cavitation, and hydraulic flip flows. Pulsed Shadowgraph Photography measurement was used to determine the spatial distribution of the spray droplet diameter in a subsonic crossflow of air. And this study also obtains the SMD (Sauter Mean Diameters) distribution by using Planar Liquid Laser Induced Fluorescence technique. The objectives of this research are get a droplet distributions and drop size measurements of each condition and compare with the other flow effects. As the result, This research has been showned that droplet size were spatially dependent on air-stream velocity, fuel injection velocity, injection angle effects, and normalized distance from the injector exit length(x/d, y/d). There are also different droplet size characteristics between cavitation, hydraulic flip and the non-cavitation flows.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.921-929
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• 2003

An experimental investigation was performed to study the characteristics of turbulent water flow in a horizontal circular tube by using liquid crystal. To determine some characteristics of the turbulent flow, 2D PIV technique is employed for velocity measurement and liquid crystal is used for heat transfer experiments in water. Temperature visualization was made quantitatively by calibrating the color of the liquid crystal versus temperature using various approaches (TLC technique: Thermochromic Liquid Crystal), and a neural-network algorithm was applied to the color-to-temperature calibration. This study shoud the temperature and time-mean velocity distribution for Re = 2,436, 2,500 and 2,724 along longitudinal sections and the results appear to be physically reasonable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2009

The study of swirling flow is of technical and scientific interest because it has an internal recirculation field, and its tangential velocity is related to the curvature of streamline. The fluid flow for tubes and elbow of heat exchangers has been studied largely through experiments and numerical methods, but studies about swirling flow have been insufficient. Using the particle image velocimetry(PTV) method, this study found the time averaged velocity distribution with swirl and without swirl along longitude sections and the results appear to be physically reasonable. In addition, streamwise mean velocity distribution was compares with that of other. Furthermore, other experimental investigation was performed to study the characteristics of turbulent water flow in a horizontal circular tube by using liquid crystal. 2D PIV technique is employed for velocity measurement and liquid crystal is used for heat transfer experiments in water. Temperature visualization was made quantitatively by calibrating the colour of the liquid crystal versus temperature using various approaches.