• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.758-765
• /
• 1999

Comparative studies of the effects of rates and frequency of application of dairy slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of alfalfa and various forage grasses have not previously been conducted. The results being reported here are part of a larger study having a primary objective of comparing the effectiveness of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), various grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures for utilizing nutrients from applied dairy slurry. The objectives of this part of the study were to evaluate the effects of various rates and frequencies of application of slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and alfalfa-orchanrdgreass and alfalfa-reed canarygrass mixtures managed as a 4-cutting management system. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plots consisted of 9 fertility treatments: 7 slurry rate and time of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and an unfertilized control. The sub-plots consisted of the two grasses and two alfalfa-grass mixture mentioned above. Slurry was composed from stored solids scraped from the alleyways of a free-stall housing barn and water added to form a slurry having about 8% solids. Manure was pumped from a liquid spreader tank into 10.4 L garden water cans for manual application to the plots. Herbage yields within species were generally unaffected by various rates of application in the first production year. Herbage yields of grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures the second year were generally not affected by frequency of application for the same rate of slurry applied. Slurry application resulted in greater herbage yield increases in grasses than alfalfa-grass mixtures in the 4-cutting management system. In general, herbage dry matter yields of grasses from the dairy slurry treatments equaled or exceeded yields from the inorganic fertilizer treatment. Stand ratings of grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures were not changed by manure application rates. In this study, the highest rate of slurry ($967kg\;total\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 1995 plus $2,014kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 1996) was not detrimental to herbage yields or stand persistence of any of the species. It was concluded that applying dairy slurry to these cool-season grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures managed in a 4-cutting system is an acceptable practice from the standpoint of herbage yield and satnd persistence and by doing so the utilization of inorganic fertilizers can be reduced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.766-771
• /
• 1999

The first paper of this series compared the effects of rates and frequencies of application of dairy slurry on herbage yields and stand persistence of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-grass mixtures managed as a 4-cutting system. This paper compares the effects of rates and frequencies of application of dairy slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of alfalfa, orchardgrass, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and alfalfa-orchardgrass mixture managed as a 5-cutting system. The results presented here are part of a larger study having a primary objective of comparing alfalfa, various grasses, and alfalfa-grass mixtures for utilizing nutrients from dairy slurry applied to established stands. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plots consisted of 9 fertility treatments: 7 slurry rate and frequency of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and an unfertilized control. The sub-plots were the forage species. Manure used for the study was composed from stored solids scraped from the alleyways of a free-stall dairy barn. Water was added to from a slurry having about 8 % solids. Slurry was pumped from the liquid spreader tank into 10.4 L garden watering cans for manual application to the plots. Herbage yields of alfalfa, tall fescue, and alfalfa-orchardgrass were generally not affected by slurry application rates and were not significantly different from the inorganic fertilizer treatment. Tall fescue significantly outyielded all other forage species at all manure and the inorganic fertilizer treatments in the second year when rainfall during the growing season was unusually high. Grasses generally had a greater response to manure applications than alfalfa and alfalfa-orchardgrass. Increasing rates of manure did not increase herbage yields of alfalfa and alfalfa-orchardgrass. Herbage yields within each species were not affected by frequency of application of the same total rate. Stand ratings of alfalfa, orcahrdgrass and alfalfa-orchardgrass were significantly lower for the very high manure application rate compared to the control treatment. Based upon the results of this study, multiple annual applications of slurry manure can be made onto these species at rates up to $1,700kg\;total\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ without detrimental effects on herbage yield and stand persistence.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.330-336
• /
• 1995

닥나무 열매가 쇠고기의 연화와 맛에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 닥나무 열매를 알갱이와 분말 형태로 첨가량을 달리하여 쇠고기에 첨가하였을 때의 효과를 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전단력은 닥나무 열매 알갱이와 분말의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하여 쇠고기의 연화도가 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 처리형태에 따라서는 알갱이의 형태로 0∼20％까지 첨가함에 따라 6.2∼7.9％, 분말의 형태일 때가 10.2∼18.4％의 연화율을 나타내었다. 2. 장조림육의 조리손실은 닥나무 열매를 첨가하는 양이 증가할수록 다소 감소하였다. 3. 색도는 닥나무 열매를 첨가하여 조리함에 따라 장조림육 표면의 적색도가 대체로 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 4. 아미노산은 닥나무 열매의 알갱이와 분말 첨가시 모두 단백질이 연화되어 국물속으로 용출되어 나오는 유리아미노산함량이 점차로 증가하였으며 알갱이 첨가군은 20％ 첨가시 16.8％, 분말은 20％ 첨가시 24.1％의 유리아미노산 함량 증가를 나타내었다. 국물속으로 용출된 아미노산중 필수아미노산은 leucine, methionine, tryptophan, isoleucine 등이 순서적으로 다소 차이가 있었으나 높은 함량으로 용출되었으며, 비필수아미노산은 모두 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid의 순으로 가장 많이 용출되었다. 5. 닥나무 열매의 알갱이와 분말의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 대부분의 무기질들이 증가하는 경향으로 나타났는데 Na, K, P, Ca, Mg의 순으로 높은 함량분포를 보였으며 Mn과 Cu가 비교적 낮았다. 6. 장조림육의 관능검사 결과에서는 닥나무 열매 알갱이와 분말 첨가시 모두 전반적으로 높은 기호도를 나타내었다. 알갱이 형태로 첨가하였을 때에는 15％ 첨가군, 분말형태일 때는 10％첨가군이 종합적인 기호도에서 가장 높은 점수를 얻었다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 닥나무 열매의 형태에 관계없이 첨가량이 많을수록 연화도는 증가하였으나, 기호도의 경우는 알갱이 15％,분말 10％를 장조림에 첨가하였을 때 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.617-622
• /
• 1997

닥나무 열매가 쇠고기의 연화와 맛에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 닥나무 열매의 처리형태(농축액, 조효소)와 첨가량을 달리하여 쇠고기에 첨가하였을 때의 효과를 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전단력은 닥나무 열매의 농축액와 조효소의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하여 쇠고기의 연화도가 증가하였는데 처리형태에 따라 살펴보면, 0∼8%의 농축액을 첨가하였을 때 4.8∼27%, 0∼1%의 조효소를 첨가하였을 때 7.8∼34.2%까지의 연화율을 나타내었다. 2. 중량감소율은 농축액의 형태로 첨가시는 닥나무열매를 첨가하는 양이 증가할수록 다소 감소하였으나 조효소형태로 첨가하였을 때에는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 3. 색도는 닥나무 열매를 첨가하여 조리함에 따라 장조림육 표면의 “a”값이 대체로 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 4. 유리아미노산을 보면 닥나무 열매의 농축액과 조효소 첨가시 단백질이 연화되어 국물속으로 용출되어 나오는 유리아미노산함량이 점차로 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었는데 농축액은 8%까지 첨가시 37%, 조효소는 1%까지 첨가시 31.2%의 증가율을 보였다. 5. 장조림육의 무기질 함량과 조성을 분석한 결과 농축액의 형태로 첨가하였을 때에는 첨가량이 증가할 수록 대부분의 무기질이 감소하였다. 반면에 조효소 형태로 첨가하였을 때는 Na, K, P, Ca, Mg의 순으로 높은 함량분포를 보였으며 Mn과 Cu가 비교적 낮았다. 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 대부분의 무기질들이 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 6. 장조림육의 관능검사 결과에서는 닥나무 열매 농축액과 조효소를 첨가함에 따라 전반적으로 높은 기호도를 나타내었다. 농축액 첨가시에는 4% 처리구, 그리고 조효소 첨가시에는 0.1% 처리구가 종합적인 기호도에서 가장 높은 점수를 얻었다. 이상의 결과로 닥나무 열매를 농축액이나 조효소의 형태로 첨가하는 양을 달리하여 장조림을 하였을 때 연화도와 기호도가 증가하였는데 처리형태에 따라 연화율이 조금씩 다르게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.12-18
• /
• 1991

3차원(次元) 탱크내에서의 유체(流體)의 슬로싱 현상(現象)에 관하여 경계적분법(境界積分法)의 패널 방법(方法)을 이용한 경계치(境界値) 문제해법(問題解法)으로 수치계산(數値計算)하였다. Shinkai는 경계요소(境界要素)의 소오스의 세기가 절점(節点) 사이에서 선형변화(線型變化)하도록 계산하였음에 반하여 본 연구에서는 삼각형(三角形)패널마다 일정(一定)한 세기의 소오스를 분포(分布)시켰다. 각(各) 시간(時間)단계에서의 소오스의 세기는 Green 정리(定理)에 의한 제2종(第2種) Fredbolm적분(積分) 방정식(方程式)을 풀어서 구하며, 시간(時間)이 경과함에 따른 수치 계산과 이에 따른 오차(誤差)의 누적을 피하기 위하여 Adam-Bashforth-Moulton 방법(方法)을 이용하였다. 강제조화(强制調和)동요하는 선박의 구형(球形)탱크가 부분적재(部分積載)된 경우에 대하여 수치(數値)계산한 결과, 자유표면(自由表面)의 높이 계산치(計算値)는 Shinkai의 결과와 비교한 바 비교적 적은 시간동안에는 잘 일치하고 있음을 확인하였다. 본 수치 계산방법(方法)의 정도(精度)를 검토하기 위하여 입력(入力) 및 출력(出力) 에너지가 보존(保存)되는지를 확인하여 보았는데, 시간이 경과되면서 약간의 오차가 있지만 문제의 비선형성(非線型性), 모델의 패널수가 작음을 감안할때는 인정할 만한 정확도(正確度)로 판단된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.44-63
• /
• 2000

Situated close to Heathrow Airport, and adjacent to the M4 and M25 Motorways, the site at Axis Park is considered a prime location for business in the UK. In consequnce two of the UK's major property development companies, MEPC and Redrew Homes sought the expertise of Intergeo to remediate the contaminated former industrial site prior to its development. Industrial use of the twenty-six hectare site, started in 1936, when Hawker Aircraft commence aircraft manufacture. In 1963 the Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company purchased part of the site. Ford commenced vehicle production at the site in the mid-1970's and production was continued by Iveco Ford from 1986 to the plant's decommissioning in 1997. Geologically the site is underlain by sand and gravel, deposited in prehistory by the River Thames, with London Clay at around 6m depth. The level of groundwater fluctuates seasonally at around 2.5m depth, moving slowly southwest towards local streams and watercourses. A phased investigation of the site was undertaken, which culminated in the extensive site investigation undertaken by Intergeo in 1998. In total 50 boreholes, 90 probeholes and 60 trial pits were used to investigate the site and around 4000 solid and 1300 liquid samples were tested in the laboratory for chemical substances. The investigations identified total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil up to 25, 000mg/kg. Diesel oil, with some lubricating oil were the main components. Volatile organic compounds were identified in the groundwater in excess of 10mg/l. Specific substances included trichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloroethene. Both the oil and volatile compounds were widely spread across the site, The specific substances identified could be traced back to industrial processes used at one or other dates in the sites history Slightly elevated levels of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified locally. Prior to remediation of the site and throughout its progress, extensive liaison with the regulatory authorities and the client's professional representatives was required. In addition to meetings, numerous technical documents detailing methods and health and safety issues were required in order to comply with UK environmental and safety legislation. After initially considering a range of options to undertake remediation, the following three main techniques were selected: ex-situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, skimming of free floating hydrocarbon product from the water surface at wells and excavations and air stripping of volatile organic compounds from groundwater recovered from wells. The achievements were as follows: 1) 350, 000m3 of soil was excavated and 112, 000m3 of sand and gravel was processed to remove gravel and cobble sized particles; 2) 53, 000m3 of hydrocarbon contaminated soil was bioremediated in windrows ; 3) 7000m3 of groundwater was processed by skimming to remove free floating Product; 4) 196, 000m3 of groundwater was Processed by air stripping to remove volatile organic compounds. Only 1000m3 of soil left the site for disposal in licensed waste facilities Given the costs of disposal in the UK, the selected methods represented a considerable cost saving to the Clients. All other soil was engineered back into the ground to a precise geotechnical specification. The following objective levels were achieved across the site 1) By a Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) methodology it was demonstrated that soil with less that 1000mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons did not pose a hazard to health or water resources and therefore, could remain insitu; 2) Soils destined for the residential areas of the site were remediated to 250mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons; in the industrial areas 500mg/kg was proven acceptable. 3) Hydrocarbons in groundwater were remediated to below the Dutch Intervegtion Level of 0.6mg/1; 4) Volatile organic compounds/BTEX group substances were reduced to below the Dutch Intervention Levels; 5) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were below Inter-departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land guideline levels for intended enduse. In order to verify the qualify of the work 1500 chemical test results were submitted for the purpose of validation. Quality assurance checks were undertaken by independent consultants and at an independent laboratory selected by Intergeo. Long term monitoring of water quality was undertaken for a period of one year after remediation work had been completed. Both the regulatory authorities and Clients representatives endorsed the quality of remediation now completed at the site. Subsequent to completion of the remediation work Redrew Homes constructed a prestige housing development. The properties at "Belvedere Place" retailed at premium prices. On the MEPC site the Post Office, amongst others, has located a major sorting office for the London area. Exceptionally high standards of remediation, control and documentation were a requirement for the work undertaken here.aken here.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.7-17
• /
• 1985

Many investigators have been pursuing various attempts so far to produce hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) vaccines using the techniques such as isolation from plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier, recombinant DNA technique or preparation of synthetic peptides specific for immunogenic determinants. Hepatitis B virus can not grow on any cell lines by the tissue culture technique at the present time. The plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier is expensive and its source is limited. The HBsAg from the recombinant DNA technique gave still very low yield. Another approach, therefore, has been initiated to develop a synthetic hepatitis B virus vaccine. The possible use of several distinct synthetic vaccines in prophylaxis can be facilitated by availability of full synthetic immunogens. Peptides synthesized for potential application as antiviral vaccines have been mostly tested in the form of conjugates with carrier proteins, although the free synthetic peptide can be immunogenic. To understand basic knowledges on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide specific for major immunogenic determinant of HBsAg, a nonapeptide, $H_2N^{139}Cys-Thr-Lys-Pro-Thr-Asp-Gly-^{146}Asn-Aba$ COOH, which corresponds to HBsAg amino acid residues 139 to 147, was synthesized by the Merrifield's solid-phase method with a slight modification. The antigenicity and immunogenicity of this specific synthetic peptide were examined comparing with purified plasma-derived natural HBsAg. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The peptide synthesized showed the identical amino acid composition to the theoretical value. The degree of purification and molecular weight were acertained by methods of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 2. Using m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester as a conjugating agent, the synthetic peptide was conjugated to rabbit albumin and ${\gamma}$-globulin, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Their conjugation yields were 8.3, 9.5, 15.8, 13.5, and 11.2%, respectively. 3. The natural HBsAg was purified from plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier. By the electron microscopic observation of the purified natural HBsAg preparation, no Dane particles were observed and the preparation showed negative DNA polymerase activity. 4. Antigenicity of the synthetic peptide and the plasma-derived natural HBsAg was determined by competition radioimmunoassay using $^{125}I$-natural HBsAg. Their 50% inhibitions appeared as $90{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.12{\mu}g/ml$ for the synthetic peptide and the natural HBsAg, respectively. This indicates that the former was about 750-fold less antigenic than the latter. 5. Immunogenicity of the synthetic peptide was determined by administering the peptide-carrier conjugates into rabbits with and without Freund's complete adjuvant. Regardless the carrier proteins and adjuvant, positive immune responses to the synthetic peptide were observed. The higher antibody titers, however, were shown in the groups administered with Freund's complete adjuvant. 6. Immunizing dose 50% in mice of the various peptide-carrier conjugates was 5.47, 6.00, 65.16, 31.25 and $13.03{\mu}g/dose$ for rabbit albumin and ${\gamma}$-globulin, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, respectively, while the natural HBsAg showed $0.65{\mu}g/dose$. 7. It was postulated that homologous proteins prefer to heterologous ones as the carriers.