• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.1-16
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount and interrelationship of the soft and hard tissue changes after simultaneous maxillary advancement and mandibular setback surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 25 adult patients(13 males and 12 females) who had severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy. These patients had received presurgical orthodontic treatment and surgical treatment which consisted of simultaneous Le Fort I or Le Fort II osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. The presurgical and postsurgical lateral cephalograms were evaluated. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS/$PC^+$ program. The results were as follows. 1. The correlation of maxillary hard and soft tissue horizontal changes were high and the ratios for soft tissue to A point were $71\%$ at Sn, $67\%$ at SLS and $37\%$ at LS. 2. The correlation of mandibular hard and soft tissue horizontal changes were very high and the ratios were $84\%$ at LI, $107\%$ at ILS, $96\%$ at Pog' and $97\%$ at Gn'. 3. The correlation of mandibular hard tissue horizontal changes and soft tissue vertical changes were moderate. 4. The upper to lower lip length were increased(P<0.001). 5. The soft tissue thickness were decreased in upper lip and increased in lower lip(P<0.001). The postsurgical changes were reversely correlated with initial thickness in upper lip.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.238-246
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• 2007

This study is aimed to elucidate the abnormal growth pattern of human fetal maxilla with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Total 71 fetal maxillae with CLP were obtained from aborted human fetuses. They were examined radiologically for the dimensional changes of maxillary trapezoid (MT) formed by maxillary primary growth centers (MxPGC)(Lee et al., 1992). In palatal radiogram of the CLP maxilla, the MT was traced by the anterior and posterior MxPGCs, and the dimensions of anterior and posterior maxillary widths, maxillary length, and MT length (MTL), and MT area were measured for evaluation of the basic growth pattern of the developing maxilla. The growth of anterior and posterior MxPGCs was severely retarded in the prenatal maxillae with CLPs, showing abnormal shape of MT. Cleft lip subjects without cleft palate also showed arrested growth of MT. Unilateral cleft lipalveolar cleft or cleft palate (UCL-AC/CP) and bilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (BCL-AC/CP) showed enhanced abnormal MT pattern. The abnormality of MT was most marked in BCL-AC/CP. It was also observed that the craniofacial malformations other than CLPs produced abnormal MT. In conclusion, the MT growth of prenatal CLP maxilla was severely arrested and resulting in abnormal MT shape on the palatal radiogram. BCL-AC/CP showed more protruded nasal septum than other types of CLPs, while UCL-AC/CP showed severe deviation of the protruded nasal septum towards the non-cleft side. Cleft lip only subjects also showed the abnormal growth of MT. These data suggest that the MT is primarily involved in CLPs, and MT shape could be utilized as a sensitive indicator for the analysis of maxillary malformation in different types of CLPs.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.3 s.50
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• pp.355-373
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• 1995

Craniofacial region is a musculodentoskeletal system that consists of many anatomical structures ; cranioskeletal structures, dental arches, and formation and functions of masticatory muscles have close correlations. Growth and development of craniofacial region are influenced by not only hereditory factors, but also environmental factors such as craniofacial muscles and surrounding tissues. On the contrary, however, study on changes in functions or adaptations of craniofacial muscles following changes of craniofacial skeletal structures has been somewhat insufficient. The author's purpose was to observe correlations between masticatory muscular functions and change patterns according to cranial skeletal structures and occlusion patterns, for this, comparative study of muscle activity changes of preand post- orthognathic surgery states in skeletal Cl III malocclusion patients was peformed. The selected sample groups were 15 normal male patients, 15 skeletal Cl III pre-orthognatic surgery patients and 15 skeletal Cl III post-orthognatic surgery patients. For each sample groups, cephalometric x-ray taking, masticatory efficiency test and measurements of muscle activities in anterior temporal muscle, masseter and upper lip in rest, clenching, chewing and swallowing were carried out. The following results were obtained : 1. In resting state of mandible, pre-surgery malocclusion group showed higher m. activities in ant. temporalis, masseter and upper lip than post-surgery group. Post-surg. malocc. group showed significantly high m. activity only in upper lip compared to the normal group. 2. In clenching state, post-surg. malocc. group showed higher m. activities in ut. temporalis, masseter and upper lip than pre-surg. malocc. group. 3. In chewing state, post-surg. malocc. group showed higher m. activities in ant. temporalis and masseter than pre-surg. malocc. group, on the other hand, decreased upper lip activity was noticed. 4. In swallowing state, post-surg. malocc. group showed lower upper lip activity than pre-surg. malocc. group but higher than that of the normal group. No significant difference in m. activities of ant, temporalis and masseter was noticed among the three groups. 5. Masticatory efficiency was lower in pre-surg. malocc. group than normal group, masticatory efficiency showed an increase in post-surg. malocc. group compared to the pre-surg. malocc. group. However, both groups showed significant differences compared to the normal group.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.409-417
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• 2011

This study aims to investigate makeup images shown in the beauty trends and analyzes the characteristics of makeup colors depending on the types of facial makeup. This survey's collected data includes a total of 365 makeup colors which have been shown in the beauty trends for the last three years. The pictures and vocabularies shown in such data were analyzed and thus we could have classificatorily six kinds of makeup images. In addition, makeup colors were divided into two subcategories: eye makeup and lip makeup, both of which have the most significant impact on the makeup images. As the results, the types of makeup images shown at beauty trends were classified such as natural image, gorgeous image, elegant image, sophisticate image, and romantic image. If analyzing yearly changes, active, romantic, and elegant images were common in 2008, and natural image displayed a certain strong tendency amid pro-environmental trends in 2009, and gorgeous images were appeared apparently in 2010, while natural image showed a bullish tendency yet. Regarding to color characteristics by makeup images shown at beauty trends, YR color in eye makeup and R in lip makeup looked bullish generally, and a lot of changes were shown in color tones. This fact gives help in grasping fashion colors and color tones of yearly makeups. Based on these results, this study examines makeup colors for expressing makeup images closely, and then suggests that it could be utilized in makeup color planning.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.383-397
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• 2010

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare maxillary soft tissue changes and their relative ratios to hard tissue changes after anterior segmental osteotomy (ASO)/bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) and Le Fort I/BSSRO in skeletal Class III malocclusion with upper lip protrusion. Methods: The study sample comprised the ASO/BSSRO group (n = 14) and the Le Fort I/BSSRO group (n = 15). The Le Fort I/BSSRO group included cases of maxillary posterior impaction only. Lateral cephalograms were taken 2 months before and 6 months after surgery. Linear and angular measurements were performed. Results: The anterior maxilla moved backward in both groups after surgery, however the amount of change was significantly larger in the ASO/BSSRO group (p < 0.01). The ratios of hard to soft tissue change were 79% (SLS to A point), 80% (LS to A point) in the ASO/BSSRO group, and 15% (SLS to A point), 68% (LS to A point) in the Le fort I/BSSRO group. In addition, there was a $3.23^{\circ}$ increase of the occlusal plane in the Le Fort I/BSSRO group. Conclusions: When two-jaw surgery is indicated in skeletal Class III patients with protrusive lips, ASO may be a treatment of choice for cases with more severe upper lip protrusion, while Le Fort I with posterior impaction may be considered if an increase of occlusal plane angle is required.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.246-251
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of anterior segmental osteotomy (ASO) in bimaxillary protrusion (BP) patients by comparison between the mandibular soft and hard tissue changes from orthodontic treatment and ASO. Methods: All 44 patients were diagnosed with BP in Kyung-Hee Medical Center. Orthodontic treatment with teeth extractions were underwent by 23 patients (Group A) and 21 patients underwent ASO (Group B). Mandibular soft and hard tissue changes were measured and evaluated, which were based on the vertical and horizontal reference line in lateral cephalometric radiographs. Statistical significance between the changes and correlation between each measurement were analyzed. Results: The amount of B point movement was lesser than that of the lower incisal tip (LIT) retraction, and LIT was tilted lingually in group A. The posterior movement discrepancy between LIT and B point was insignificant, and the inclination of lower incisor was not changed in group B. The soft tissues, including the lower lip, showed a posterior movement and reduction in the depth of mento-labial groove. According to the correlation analysis, the movement of the lower incisor was significantly related to the movement of the lower lip in group A, and the movement of the lower incisor was significantly related to that of the movement of lower lip, B point and Pog in group B. Conclusion: The orthodontic treatment in BP patients results in posterior tilting movement of the lower incisor, but ASO results in the bodily movement of the lower incisor. Consequently, ASO is more effective in BP cases because it ensures the controlled movement of the lower incisors.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the IOPI articulator strength training program on articulator(tongue and lip) muscle strength, numbers of /l, s, ʨ/ articulation accuracy, articulatory numbers, articulation regularity and accuracy in the alternate motion rates, and sequential motion rate changes in patients with spastic dysarthria. Methods : Three cases of patients with spastic dysarthria living in Jeju, Korea, were included in this study. A single subject design was selected to study changes in articulator(tongue and lip) muscle strength, numbers of /ㄹ, ㅅ, ㅈ/ articulation accuracy, articulatory numbers, articulation regularity and accuracy in the alternate motion rates and sequential motion rates. Results : After the articulator strength training program was conducted on patients with spastic dysarthria, there were positive changes in articulator(tongue and lip) muscle strength, numbers of /ㄹ, ㅅ, ㅈ/ articulation accuracy, articulatory numbers, articulation regularity and accuracy on the alternate motion rates and sequential motion rates. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that IOPI articulator strength training program could be very useful for the most representative childeren with cerebral palsy if conducted in various subtypes of dysarthric patients and linked with articulatory function training with IOPI at home.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether changes in electromyography (EMG) activations of spinal stability muscles with respiratory demand change were due to changes in respiratory demand or in postural demand. Methods: Forty healthy subjects (19male, 21female, $20.8{\pm}1.9$years old) performed quiet breathing and four different forced respiratory maneuvers (FRM) (Pulsed Lip Breathing, Diaphragmatic Breathing, Combination breathing, and respiratory muscle endurance training breathing) while in sitting and standing positions. EMG data for four muscles (TrA/IO, EO, RA, and ES) were collected and filtered using a band pass filter (20~200Hz) and a notch filter (60, 120, 180Hz). Results: There were no significant differences on percentage of change on %MVIC between QB and FRM (PLB, CB, DB, and RMET) between positions (all p>0.05).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.290-290
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• 2020

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.64-83
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of in vivo 3T $^1H$ MRS with short TE for prescreening various brain diseases. Together with ten normal volunteers, 12 brain tumor patients(2 lymphomas, 5 malignant gliomas) and 5(benign meningiomas) and 10 brain ischemic disease patients(6 acute and 4 subacute infarctions) participated. Lymphomas showed increased intensities of Cho and Lac. Likewise, gliomas showed increased Cho and Lac, but with decreased NAA and ${\beta}\;{\gamma}$-Glx; in higher grade of gliomas, Lac, Cho, mI and Lip predominantly increased with decrease of NAA. Benign meningiomas showed increased Cho, Lac and ${\beta}\;{\gamma}$-Glx; with decreased of NAA. The alanine peak at 1.47 ppm is a neuronal marker for meningiomas. Infarctions showed increased Lac and Lip and decreased NAA, ${\alpha}$-Glx and ${\beta}\;{\gamma}$-Glx where Lac increased with decreased of ${\alpha}$-Glx in acute, and Cho, Lac and Lip increased with decrease of NAA in subacute. Elevated Lac and decreased NAA levels were more aggravated in subacute. Clinical application of the $^1H$ MRS with short TE at 3T is able to povide valuable spectral information for prescreening various brain diseases by monitoring the changes of disease-specific cerebral metabolite concentrations in vivo, and consequently, it can be applicable to assessment of differential diagnosis and malignancy as well.