• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.517-524
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• 2006

계란 품질, 난황 콜레스테롤 함량 및 지방산 조성의 변화에 관한 산란계 사료 내 서로 다른지방의 첨가효과를 조사하였다. 36주령의 Hyline brown 산란계 총 200수(4처리구${\times}$50수/반복)를 공시하여 우지, 옥수수유, 아마인유 및 어유를 각각 5.0% 함유하는 실험사료를 10주간 급여하였다. Haugh unit, 파란 강도, 난각 두께 및 난황색에 대한 처리구 간 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 첨가지방은 계란 콜레스테롤 함량과 고도 불포화지방산 조성을 현저하게 변화시켰다. 난황의 n-6지방산 함량은 옥수수유 첨가구가 31.61%로써 가장 높았고 우지, 아마인유 및 어유 첨가구순으로 낮았으며, n-3 지방산 함량은 아마인유와 어유 첨가구가 각각 9.74%, 5.16%로써 유의적 증가 경향을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 난황지방 산 조성의 n-3지방산 증가는 계란 콜레스테롤 함량 감소를 초래하였다. 난황 콜레스테롤(mg/g yolk) 및 계란 콜레스테롤(mg/60g egg) 범위는 각각 $15.98{\sim}18.37mg$ 및 $227{\sim}261mg$으로써 우지 첨가구가 가장 높았고 어유, 아마인유 및 옥수수유 첨가구 순으로 낮아지는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 난황 콜레스테롤의 감소율은 우지 첨가구와 비교하였을 때 어유 13.01%, 아마인유 11.49% 및 옥수수유 6.91%로써 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과는 산란계 사료 내 첨가되는 지방급원을 조절해 줌으로써 계란 콜레스테롤을 낮출 수 있으며 n-6와 n-3 지방산을 난황으로 축적하는 것이 가능함을 시사해준다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.869-879
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid source and level on growth performance, blood parameters, fatty acid composition and flesh quality of sub-adult olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated to contain 5% squid liver oil (SLO), 5% linseed oil (LO), 5% soybean oil (SO), a mixture of 1% squid liver oil, 2% linseed oil and 2% soybean oil (MIX), no lipid supplementation with high protein level (LL-HP), 10% squid liver oil (HL-SLO), a mixture of 1% squid liver oil, 4.5% linseed oil and 4.5% soybean oil (HL-VO), and 1% squid liver oil with high starch level (LL-HC), respectively. Two replicate groups of fish (average initial weight of 296 g) were fed the diets for 17 wks. After 5 wks, 11 wks and the end of the feeding trial, five fish from each tank were randomly sampled for analysis of body composition. At the end of the feeding trial, final mean weight of fish fed the LL-HP diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HL-VO diet, but did not differ significantly from those of fish fed the SLO, LO, SO, MIX, HL-SLO and LL-HC diets. Fish fed the LL-HP diet showed significantly higher feed efficiency than fish fed the LO, HL-SLO and HL-VO diets. Feed efficiency of fish fed the LO, SO and MIX diets were similar to those of fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets. Fish fed the HL-SLO diet showed significantly higher total cholesterol content in plasma compared with other diets. Fatty acid composition of tissues was reflected by dietary fatty acid composition. The highest linoleic (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) contents in the dorsal muscle were observed in fish fed the SO and LO diets, respectively, regardless of feeding period. The highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in the dorsal muscle was observed in fish fed the LL-HP and LL-HC diets after 11 and 17 weeks of feeding, respectively. Fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets showed higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content than that of other treatments after 11 and 17 weeks of feeding, respectively. Dietary inclusion of vegetable oils reduced n-3 HUFA contents in the dorsal muscle and liver of fish. The n-3 HUFA contents in tissues of fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets were higher than those of fish fed other diets, except for the LL-HP and LL-HC diets. Hardness, gel strength, chewiness and cohesiveness values of dorsal muscle in fish were significantly affected by dietary lipid source. The results of this study indicate that fish oil in fish meal based diets for sub-adult olive flounder could be replaced by soybean oil and linseed oil without negative effects on growth and feed utilization.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1991-1998
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of three different diets on the fatty acids (FA) profile and sensory properties of a characteristic Italian fresh cheese: Pecorino "Primo Sale" (PS). Methods: Fifty-four sheep were divided into three feeding groups: total mixed ration (TMR) enriched with extruded linseed (TL), control diet with TMR without any integration (TC), and pasture (P). During cheese production, six cheeses per experimental group were produced each week, stored for 10 days at 4℃, and then analyzed for chemical composition, FA profile, and sensory properties. Results: Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly higher in PS from group TC (82.11%) than in cheese from other two groups (P 75.48% and TL 66.83%). TL and P groups presented higher values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 4.35 and 3.65%, respectively, than that of TC group (2.31%). The lowest SFA/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was found in TL and P groups, while the highest was found in the TC group. Vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were higher in group P (p<0.05) than in groups L and TC. Sensory properties of cheese from group P received the highest scores for odor intensity and friability, while control group had a greater chewing consistency. Overall, all cheeses received good scores for acceptability. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed how the integration of extruded linseed improved the FA profile of fresh pecorino cheese PS preserving its sensory properties. Levels of CLA in the PS group achieved using this approach was not higher than that in a grazing diet. Cheeses from groups P and L contained a higher value of FA, with nutritional implications for humans, when compared with un-supplemented diet. Linseed may be a good feeding strategy when pasture is not available.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.796-806
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• 2015

To evaluate the effects of feeding linseed oil or/and sunflower oil mixed with fish oil on milk yield, milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profiles of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet, 24 crossbred primiparous lactating dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to a completely randomized design experiment. All cows were fed a high-concentrate basal diet and 0.38 kg dry matter (DM) molasses per day. Treatments were composed of a basal diet without oil supplement (Control), or diets of (DM basis) 3% linseed and fish oils (1:1, w/w, LSO-FO), or 3% sunflower and fish oils (1:1, w/w, SFO-FO), or 3% mixture (1:1:1, w/w) of linseed, sunflower, and fish oils (MIX-O). The animals fed SFO-FO had a 13.12% decrease in total dry matter intake compared with the control diet (p<0.05). No significant change was detected for milk yield; however, the animals fed the diet supplemented with SFO-FO showed a depressed milk fat yield and concentration by 35.42% and 27.20%, respectively, compared to those fed the control diet (p<0.05). Milk c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) proportion increased by 198.11% in the LSO-FO group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Milk C18:3n-3 (ALA) proportion was enhanced by 227.27% supplementing with LSO-FO relative to the control group (p<0.01). The proportions of milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in the cows fed LSO-FO (0.38%) and MIX-O (0.23%) compared to the control group (0.01%). Dietary inclusion of LSO-FO mainly increased milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), whereas feeding MIX-O improved preformed FA and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). While the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio was found in the LSO-FO, the decreased atherogenecity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI) seemed to be more extent in the MIX-O. Therefore, to maximize milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 PUFA and to minimize milk n-6/n-3 ratio, AI and TI, an ideal supplement would appear to be either LSO-FO or MIX-O.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.692-698
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• 2005

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of graded levels of dietary chromium and leucine, and different fat sources on performance and body composition of broiler chickens. The results showed that chromium picolinate at 0.5 ppm significantly (p<0.05) lowered the carcass fat level. Gut weight and carcass water content were increased as a result of chromium treatment. Body weight, plucked weight, carcass weight, abdominal fat pad weight, breast yield and feed efficiency were unaffected by chromium treatment. Leucine did not interact with chromium to effect lean growth. Dietary leucine above the recommended maintenance level (1.2% of diet) markedly (p<0.001) reduced the breast muscle yield. The addition of fish oil to broiler diets reduced (p<0.05) the abdominal fat pad weights compared to birds on linseed diets. Fish oil is believed to improve lean growth through the effects of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in lowering the very low-density lipoprotein levels and triglyceride in the blood, in the meantime increasing glucose uptake into the muscle tissue in blood and by minimizing the negative impact of the immune system on protein breakdown. The amount of fat in the diet (2% or 4%) did not affect body composition.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.78-79
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• 2003

Effects of dietary lipid level and source (squid liver oil being rich in n-3 HUFA, soybean oil being rich in 18:2n-6, and linseed oil being rich in 18:3n-3) in fishmeal-based diet on growth and body composition of grower sunshine bass raised in seawater were investigated. Fifteen grower (an initial weight of 146.8$\pm$0.23 g) sunshine bass were randomly distributed into 27 of 250 L fiber reinforced plastic flow-through tanks. Fish were hand-fed to satiety twice daily for 6 days a week throughout the feeding trial. Survival was over 97% and not significantly affected by either dietary lipid level or lipid source (n-3 highly unusaturated fatty acid, HUFA). Weight gain of fish tended to improve with dietary n-3 HUFA level up to 2.9%, but sharply decreased at 3.5%. The best weight gain was obtained in fish fed the diet supplemented with 6% squid liver oil and 3% soybean oil. FER and PER were not significantly affected by either dietary lipid level or dietary lipid source. The lowest moisture content of the whole body was observed in fish fed the diet supplemented with 12% squid liver oil and highest for the diet supplemented with 9% linseed oil, respectively. Protein content of fish was not significantly affected by either dietary lipid level or dietary lipid source. However, lipid content of the whole fish tended to increase with an increase of either dietary lipid level or dietary n-3 HUFA level, except for fish fed the diet supplemented with 9% linseed oil. Ash content of fish fed the diet with no supplementation of oil was highest and lowest for the diet supplemented with 9% soybean oil, respectively. Significant differences in saturated fatty acids (16:0, 18:0 and 24:0), monoene (18:1n-9), 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3 and sum of n-3 HFUA of fish were observed. In considering these results, it could be concluded that supplementation of 9% oil combined with 6% squid liver oil and 3% soybean oil into fishmeal-based diet was the most recommendable for growth of grower sunshine bass raised in seawater.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1248-1255
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid composition in Nellore cows supplemented with either linseed (n-3) or canola grains (n-6 and n-9). Fifteen Nellore cows, aged five years and bodyweight 550 kg${\pm}$48 kg, were randomly distributed to the following treatments: CON (control), LIN (linseed) and CAN (canola grains). The cows were fed for 80 days. The concentrations of C18:0, C18:2 n-6 and C20:3 n-6 fatty acid were higher (p<0.10) in CON blood plasma in comparison to follicular liquid. Likewise, PUFA, n-6 contents, PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. On the other hand, C18:1 n-9, C22:5 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C18:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C22:5 n-3, PUFA, n-6, n-3 contents and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma than in the follicular liquid. Nevertheless, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-7, PUFA, C16:0, C18:1 n-9 and MUFA contents were lower (p<0.10) in LIN blood plasma. On treatment CAN, the C18:0 and SFA contents, and n-6:n-3 ratios were higher (p<0.10) in blood plasma. However, C20:3 n-6, C22:5 n-3, PUFA and n-3 contents were lower (p<0.10) in blood plasma. C16:0, C18:0, PUFA, SFA contents and PUFA:SFA ratio did not differ (p>0.10) among the treatments. C14:0, C16:1 n-7, C18:2 n-6 and n-6 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CON and CAN than LIN. C17:1 n-7, C20:4 n-6 and C 22:0 contents were higher (p<0.10) for CAN than CON and LIN. C18:1 n-9, C18:3 n-3, MUFA and n-3 contents were higher (p<0.10) for LIN and CAN than CON. C20:3 n-6 content and n-6:n-3 ratio were higher (p<0.10) for CON than LIN and CAN. C22:5 n-3 content were higher (p<0.10) for CON and LIN than CAN. The concentrations of fatty acids in blood plasma and follicular liquid were not correlated for any fatty acid, independent of the treatment studied. Canola grain added to the diet of Nellore cows resulted in increased concentrations of fatty acids n-6 and n-3 in follicular liquid.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.265-276
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 한우사료 내 아마씨앗의 급여가 등심 내 오메가 6와 3 지방산 비율(n-6/n-3) 감소효과 및 n-6/n-3 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 사람의 혈액 중 LDL-C 감소효과를 조사하는 것이었다. 단계별로 거세한우 20마리를 이용하여 대조군과 아마씨앗을 함유하는 n-3 처리구로 각각 10마리씩 나누어 완전임의 배치하였다. n-3 사료군은 대조군과 비교할 때 혈액 및 등심 내 n-6/n-3가 4:1이하로 감소하였으며 단일불포화지방산으로써 올레인산은 52.79%까지 증가하였다. 임상실험자의 70% 이상에서 나타난 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 그룹의 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤 및 LDL-C은 각각 25.35, 5.22, 17.59% 감소하였고 수입 쇠고기는 9.05, 8.21, 21.70% 증가하였으나 일반한우는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 그룹의 HDL-C는 6.07% 증가하였으나 수입 쇠고기와 일반한우는 각각 14.46, 11.46% 감소하였다. 혈당은 균형 한우고기와 일반 한우고기가 각각 6.42, 11.82% 감소하였으나 수입 쇠고기는 15.19% 증가하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary integration with extruded linseed (EL) on fatty acid (FA) and aromatic profile of goat cheese after 60 (T₆₀) days of ripening. Methods: Thirty goats were divided in two groups. The control group (CG) was fed with conventional diet, whereas the experimental group (EL+) was fed with conventional diet supplemented with 10% of EL. Milk samples were collected on 30 and 60 days of trial to determinate chemical-nutritional composition and FA profile. At the end of experiment, six cheese-making sessions (3 for each group) were carried out using a pooled milk sample obtained from the 15 goats of each group. At 60 days of ripening, cheeses were analyzed for chemical-nutritional composition, FA and aromatic profile. Results: An increase in the milk production, protein, fat and lactose were evidenced in the EL+ goats. Conversely, a reduction of somatic cells was observed in the EL+ compared with the CG. However, no variation was observed for urea and casein levels content in milk samples, and no changes in protein and lipid content were found for cheeses in the two experimental groups. Dietary supplementation with EL modified the FA profile of milk. There was a decrease in saturated FAs and an increase in polyunsaturated FAs. Chemical composition of T₆₀ cheese did not differ between the two groups but a different FA profile was observed. In T₆₀ cheese obtained from EL+ milk, an increase in short-chain FA and a decrease in medium and long-chain FA were observed. The EL diet led to cheeses with butanoic acid 2 times higher compared to CG cheeses. Moreover, a greater presence of aldehyde compounds and alcohols were observed in the cheeses of experimental group. Conclusion: The present study pointed out that EL supplementation may improve the chemical and physical qualities of goat milk and cheeses.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.487-492
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of high linoleic ($C_{18:2}$) oil or high linolenic ($C_{18:3}$) oil to the diet on milking performance and content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in goat milk fat. Forty five dairy goats (Sumnen, 25 d post-partum, $62.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with each group of 15 dairy goats. The goats were fed a basal diet (CON) consisting 1.2 kg concentrate and 1.2 kg chopped hay (0.6 chopped alfalfa and 0.6 kg hay) daily with 4% soybean oil (SO) or 4% linseed oil (LO). Daily feed intake was not influenced (p>0.05) but daily milk yield (p<0.001) and milk fat yield (p<0.001) were significantly increased by supplementation of oils. Supplementation of oils decreased the short chain fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in goat milk fat while increased trans vaccenic acid (trans-11-$C_{18:1}$, TVA), oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$), $C_{18:2}$, $C_{18:3}$, cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA), trans-10, cis- 12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10, c12-CLA), unsaturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acid and long-chain fatty acid in goat milk fat (p<0.001). Especially, c9, t11-CLA, t10, c12-CLA and ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid ($C_{18:3\;n-3}$) in milk fat were highest when goat fed LO diet. Based on the result, it is suggested that supplementation of linseed oil should be an effective method to increase CLA isomers and ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid in goat milk fat without negative effect on lactating performance.