• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2019

The cracking and spalling caused by fracture of concrete lining have adverse impacts on serviceability and durability of the tunnel, and the subsequent maintenance work for damaged structure needs to be specific to the damaging causes. In this paper, a particular case study of an operational tunnel structure is presented for the serious cracking and spalling behaviours of concrete lining, focusing on the multi-factors inducing lining failure. An integrated field investigation is implemented to characterize the spatial distribution of damages and detailed site situations. According to results of nondestructive inspection, insufficient lining thickness and cavity behind lining are the coupled-inducement of lining failure bahaviors. To further understanding of the lining structure performance influenced by these multiple construction deficiencies, a reliable numerical simulation based on extended finite element method (XFEM) is performed by using the finite element software. The numerical model with 112 m longitudinal calculation, 100 m vertical calculation and 43 m vertical depth, and the concrete lining with 1450 solid elements are set enrichment shape function for the aim of simulating cracking behavior. The numerical simulation responses are essentially in accordance with the actual lining damaging forms, especially including a complete evolutionary process of lining spalling. This work demonstrates that the serious lining damaging behaviors are directly caused by a combination of insufficient thickness lining and cavity around the surrounding rocks. Ultimately, specific maintenance work is design based on the construction deficiencies, and that is confirmed as an efficient, time-saving and safe maintenance method in the operational railway tunnel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.135-137
• /
• 2002

NATM has been generalized as a tunnelling method since the early of 1980's in Korea. But the concrete lining as the secondary supporting system based on the NATM concept has not been treated in tunnelling construction. The Purpose of this paper is to study the improvements and the problems of concrete lining in the rock tunnel

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.30
• /
• pp.93-102
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of artificial accelerated ageing treatment on the permanence of lining papers produced from Korea and Japan. As time gone by, organic cultural properties are affected by chemical and physical deterioration because of various factors including the conditions of preservation environment and their material properties. In the public historical storage or owned as private collections, are vulnerable to sever amages caused by poor preservation environment as well as by other natural factors. In this study, the deterioration behaviors of lining paper in optical & mechanical properties were discussed. Overall, lining papers produced from Korea showed lower reduction in mechanical strength properties compared to the lining papers produced from Japan.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.230-237
• /
• 1997

As concrete structure is getting old and decrepit, its inspection and diagnosis is getting important. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the soundness of structure using non-destructive tests for effective repairs and maintenances. But, applications of non-destructive tests in tunnel have been used restrictively, due to accessibility only from one side in tunnel lining and presence of tunnel installations. Recently, the various non-destructive techniques have been studied. Especially, ground penetrating radar(GPR) and impact echo (IE) methods have been researched for tunnel inspection. In this study, the applicability of impact echo test in tunnel lining inspection has been investigated. This paper described the tunnel inspection for lining thickness and internal flaw using impact echo tests. Model tests were carried out using impact echo test systems on two concrete models, Model I is measuring for lining thickness, Model II is detecting for internal flaw. Also, the test were applied for lining inspections in a tunnel constructed by NATM. From the results of impact echo tests, we have concluded that impact echo test is a very useful and effective technique for inspecting the concrete tunnel linings.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.23-31
• /
• 2014

Recently, sewer-pipe constructions replacing deteriorated pipes are currently underway in the downtown area. To resolve many problems in the conventional method of open-cut construction, lining-board system using light-weight GFRP panels is developed. The pultruded GFRP panels can be successfully used for the developed lining-board system as temporary decks and retaining walls in virtue of light weight, high strength and high durability. In this paper, the structural safety and serviceability of the lining-board system are examined through FE analyses and experiments. Further more, a field application of the lining-board system is presented. The field application shows that quality and environment of construction can be significantly improved.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.481-497
• /
• 2017

In this paper, full-scale loading tests were performed on a rectangular segmental tunnel lining, which was assembled by steel composite segments, to investigate its load-bearing structural behavior and failure mechanism. The tests were also used to confirm the composite effect by adding concrete inside to satisfy the required performance under severe loading conditions. The design of the tested rectangular segmental lining and the loading scheme are also described to better understand the bearing capacity of this composite lining structure. It is found that the structural ultimate bearing capacity is governed by the bond capacity between steel plates and the tunnel segment. The failure of the strengthened lining is the consequence of local failure of the bond at waist joints. This led to a fast decrease of the overall stiffness and eventually a loss of the structural integrity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.621-628
• /
• 2005

The concrete lining in tunnel performs structural and nonstructural functions. The concrete lining works as a structural member for released load and residual water pressure in NATM tunnel system. Also concrete lining used for finishing the tunnel surface. The initial crack of concrete lining is reported because of difficulties in construction process, which concrete is injected into 30$\sim$40cm narrow gap between lining form and tunnel surface through 500${\times}$600mm small injection holes in the form. In this paper, we research a reason of initial crack occurrence by the case study of 4 lane wide span tunnel, and propose an improved method for crack minimization in construction process. We verify that the proposed method can give qualified concrete lining by carrying out the concrete injection model test and the numerical analysis of concrete flow.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.355-365
• /
• 2009

This paper proposes an elasto-plastic finite difference method which is useful for the stability evaluation of concrete lining installed in a deep circular tunnel. Mohr-Coulomb criterion is assumed for the condition of yielding in both the rock mass and concrete lining. In order to take into account the installation delay of lining after the excavation, the outer boundary pressure acting on the lining was calculated with the consideration of the convergence occurred before the lining installation. The distributions of stress and displacement in the rock mass and lining were calculated based on the method proposed Lee & Pietruszczak (2008). The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated by conducting the elasto-plastic analysis of concrete lining supporting an imaginary compressed air storage tunnel. The analysis result revealed that the exact determination of the boundary pressures acting on the concrete lining is of importance in the stability analysis of concrete lining.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2002

It is the common practice to over design the reinforcement for the secondary tunnel lining due to the lack of rational insight into the ground loosening loads. and due to the conservative application of the empirical design methods. The main loads of the secondary lining are the ground Loosening loads and the ground water pressure, and the ground load is critical in the reinforcement design of the secondary lining in the case of drained tunnel. If the external load is absent around a tunnel, the reasons of the load far secondary tunnel lining are the deterioration of the primary supports such as shotcrete, steel rib, and rockbolts. Accordingly, the analysis method considering the ground-primary supports-secondary lining interaction should be required tar the rational design of the secondary tunnel lining. In this paper, the interaction was conceptually described by the simple mass-spring model and the load transfer from the ground and primary supports to the secondary lining is showed by the ground-primary supports-secondary lining reaction curves fur the theoretical solution of a circular tunnel. And also, the application of this proposed model to numerical analysis is verified in order to check the potential far the tunnel with the complex analysis conditions.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.29
• /
• pp.5-18
• /
• 2008

Hanji among paper, which is material for support of the organic artifact such as painting and Thangkas, is given as much importance as the original material in the conservation treatment of artifacts. This lining paper can go through physical and chemical deterioration due to its organic nature, and inflict serious damage to the original materials of the artifact. There is a lot of difficulty in keeping continuous production of the paper mulberry fiber based on lining paper due to a short supply of raw material and discontinuation of traditional method. Also restoration and conservation treatment is done by relying only on the knowledge and skill of few experts without any recognized manual based on scientific analysis. In this study, we evaluated the stability of lining paper which is used to support organic artifact. As the result of experiments, this lining paper was made from mulberry tree in Korea and produced by means of oebal method, but was not treated by starch in its surface.