• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1992년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.240-244
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• 1992

The values of a linguistic variable are words, phrases, or sentences in a given language. For example, structural damage can be considered as linguistic variable with values such a 'severely damaged', 'moderately damaged', which are meaningful classifications but not clearly defined, This paper is to evaluate reasonably the correction factor of bridge capacity with the aid of fuzzy sets theory. By using the above mentioned fuzzy measure, the concept of fuzzy integral and linear membership function can be defined. It is concluded that the fuzzy sets theory cam be applied to determine reasonably the correction factor of bridge capacity.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.125-152
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• 2009

The objective of this study, which applies the multiple-disciplinary approach to the developmental characteristics of children, is to study and develop a class model that can be applied to actual kindergarten classes in rural area. For this purpose, this study proposes teaching and learning methodologies for children based on English children's tales to help make the English education of children more effective and efficient. Based on the findings, the following suggestions should be considered for improving the English-education class model for kindergartners for rural areas: First, various activities based on the multiple-intelligence approach are important methods of children-oriented education advanced by the Sixth Children's Curriculum, helping children grow their independence and creativity. Second, various activities developed by this study on the basis of the multiple-intelligence approach to promote children's reading, listening, speaking, and writing abilities helped children improve their linguistic capacities, improve creativity, and remain motivated, which was reinforced by the differences found between the test group and the control group.

• 인문언어
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.235-251
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• 2001

춈스키의 언어 이론에 따르면, 인간은 무한한 수의 어법에 맞는 문장을 말하고 이해할 수 있다. 언어 창조성이라고 하는 이러한 능력은 이상화된 언어 능력을 전제한다. 사람들이 실제로 언어를 사용하여 의사 소통을 할 때는 단기 기억이나 주의 집중이라는 인지 능력의 한계로 인해 이러한 창조성에 많은 제약이 따른다. 하지만 언어의 창조성은 이러한 언어 실행 능력과는 관계없는 순수 언어 능력을 고려할 때 이해된다고 춈스키는 주장한다. 충분한 시간과 기억 능력이 보장된다면, 인간 언어능력이 제약될 이유가 없다. 언어 창조성은 마치 덧셈을 하는 인간의 능력과 비교된다. 국민학교 산수를 공부한 학생은 덧셈을 할 수 있다. 덧셈 능력이 인간의 마음에 자리를 잡으면 어떤 숫자를 놓고도 덧셈을 할 수 있다. 물론 실제로 엄청난 숫자를 덧셈하는 데는 문제가 많다. 하지만 충분한 시간과 연필과 종이가 있다면 원칙상 어떤 숫자를 놓고도 덧셈을 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 필자는 이러한 언어 능력이 필요 이상 이상화되었음을 중앙 삽입형 문장들을 고찰함으로써 지적하고자 한다. 중앙 삽입형 문장 (center embedded sentences) 또는 양파 문장 (onion sentences) 들은 이상화된 언어능력의 측면에서는 문법적일지 모르지만 실제로 사람들은 이 문장들을 거의 사용하고 있지 않으며 거의 이해하고 있지도 않는 문장들이다. 그 이유는, 춈스키에 의하면, 비언어적 인지 능력의 제약 때문이다. 기억력이나 주의 집중력이 모자라서 그런 문장을 잘 쓰지 않지만 그런 조건이 따라 주면 그런 문장들이 무엇을 뜻하는 지 다 알 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 이 문법적인 문장을 사용하지 않는다는 것이 언어 창조성에 대한도전이 될 수 없다고 그는 주장한다. 필자는 이 문장들이 단순한 단기 기억이나 주의 집중의 문제가 아니라 실제로 인간 언어 능력의 제약을 보여 줄 수 있는 인지적 조건들을 보여 주고 있다고 생각한다. 따라서 인간의 언어 능력이 무한수의 문장을 구성하고 이해할 수 있다는 주장은 언어 능력의 인지적 제약을 고려하지 못한 주장이다.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.157-168
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• 2001

The limited capacity model has been used to explain linguistic interactions and trade-offs that occur in children's speech. The purpose of the present investigation is to explore the interrelationship of MLU (as an index of syntactic development) and fluency in the spontaneous speech of normal children. Twenty normal children's (ten girls and ten boys, aged 36-48 months) spontaneous speech samples were obtained during free-play interactions with their mothers or other adults. The results indicated that the MLU of disfluent utterances were significantly longer than that of fluent utterances. Also, disfluencies occurred more frequently in longer utterances than in shorter utterances. In addition, the utterances where disfluencies occurred more than 2 times were longer than those where disfluencies occurred once. These results imply that the increase of MLU appear to affect not only the occurrence of disfluent utterances, but also the number of disfluencies within the utterances. In other' words, these findings show that there are trade-off effects between MLU and fluency. This is discussed within a limited capacity framework.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2019

This study investigated individual variability of L2 learners' categorical judgments of L2 stops by exploring English learners' perceptual processing of two acoustic cues (voice onset time [VOT] and f0) and working memory capacity as sources of variation. As prior research has reported that English speakers' greater use of the redundant cue f0 was responsible for gradient processing of native stops, we examined whether the same processing characteristics would be observed in L2 learners' perception of Korean stops (/t/-/t^h/). 22 English learners of L2 Korean with a range of L2 proficiency participated in a visual analogue scaling task and demonstrated variable manners of judging the L2 Korean stops: Some were more gradient than others in performing the task. Correlation analysis revealed that L2 learners' categorical responses were modestly related to individuals' utilizations of a primary cue for the stop contrast (VOT for L1 English stops and f0 for L2 Korean stops), and were also related to better working memory capacity. Together, the current experimental evidence demonstrates adult L2 learners' top-down processing of stop consonants where linguistic and cognitive resources are devoted to a process of determining abstract phonemic identity.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 2008

The measurement of performance of a process considering both the location and the dispersion of information about the process is referred to as the process capacity indices (PCIs) of interest, $C_{pk}$. This information is presented by the mean and standard deviation of the producing process. Linguistic variables are used to express the evaluation of the quality of a product. Consequently, $C_{pk}$ is defined with fuzzy numbers. Lee [Eur. J. Oper. Res. 129(2001) 683-688] constructed the definition of the $C_{pk}$ index estimation presented by fuzzy numbers and approximated its membership function using the "min" - norm based Zadeh's extension principle of fuzzy sets. However, Lee's result was shown to be invalid by Hong [Eur. J. Oper. Res. 158(2004) 529-532]. It is well known that $T_w$ (the weakest t-norm)-based addition and multiplication preserve the shape of L-R fuzzy numbers. In this paper, we allow that the fuzzy numbers are of L-R type. The object of the present study is to propose a new method to calculate the $C_{pk}$ index under $T_w-based$ fuzzy arithmetic operations.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1991년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); KOEX, Seoul; 22-24 Oct. 1991
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• pp.866-871
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• 1991

The multi-layer neural network possesses the desirable characteristics of parallel distributed processing and learning capacity, by which the uncertain variation of the parameters in the dynamically complex system can be handled adoptively. However the error back propagation algorithm that has been utilized popularly in the learning procedure of the mulfi-Jayer neural network has the significant limitations in the real application because of its slow convergence speed. In this paper, an approach to improve the convergence speed is proposed using the fuzzy logic that can effectively handle the uncertain and fuzzy informations by linguistic level. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by computer simulation of PUMA 560 robot manipulator.

• 전자공학회논문지B
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• 제28B권11호
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• pp.934-940
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• 1991

The multi-layer neural network that has broadly been utilized in designing the controller of robot manipulator possesses the desirable characteristics of learning capacity, by which the uncertain variation of the dynamic parameters of robot can be handled adaptively, and parallel distributed processing that makes it possible to control on real-time. However the error back propagation algorithm that has been utilized popularly in the learning of the multi-layer neural network has the problem of its slow convergencs speed. In this paper, an approach to improve the convergence speed is proposed using fuzzy logic that can effectively handle the uncertain and fuzzy informations by linguistic level. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by computer simulation of PUMA 560 robot manipulator.

• 인문언어
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.5-50
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• 2002

This paper aims to illustrate and illuminate the relationship between language and its neighbor disciplines, in particular between language and literature, language and religion, and language and music. 1. Language and literature. Literature is an art of language. Therefore, linguistics, the science of language, should be able to explain how the grammar of literature elevates and ordinary language into a literary language. I illustrate poetic syntax with examples from Shelley, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. 2. Language and religion. I show how a linguistic analysis of a religious text can illuminate the background, authorship, chronology, etc., of a religious text with an example from the Book of Daniel. I also illustrate how a misanalysis of a poetic meter led to a mistranslation with an example from the Book of Psalms. 3. Language and music. First I trace an epochal event in the history of the Western music, i.e., the change of the musical style from the liturgical music of Latin in which the rhythm was created by the alternation of syllable duration into the liberated music of German in which the rhythm was generated by the alternation of lexical stress. I then illustrate a parallelism between linguistic and musical structures with several musical pieces including Gregorian chant, the 16th century music of Palestrina, the 17th century music of Schutz, the 18th century music of Mozart, and the 19th century Viennese music. Finally, the importance of text-tune (verse-melody) association is discussed with examples of mismatches in translated Korean hymns and contemporary Korean lyrical songs. In the concluding part, I speculate on some factors that are responsible for the same organizational devices in three different modes of human communication. An answer may be that all are under the same laws of mind that govern the way man perceives and organizes nature, i.e., the same cognitive abilities of man, in particular, the capacity to organize and impose structure on their respective inputs.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2021

요구용량 모델에 의하면 말더듬 아동의 비유창성은 외적, 내적 환경에 영향을 받아 나타나는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 외적 환경 중 언어적인 환경(말속도, 발화길이 및 통사적 복잡성)의 변화에 따른 말더듬 아동과 일반아동의 비유창성 차이를 비교 분석하려고 한다. 연구대상은 4-6세 말더듬 아동 9명, 일반아동 9명이었다. 연구 과제로 문장 따라말하기 과제를 실시하여 말더듬 아동과 일반 아동의 비유창성 빈도를 구하였다. 두 그룹의 비유창성 차이를 분석한 결과, 발화길이를 조절했을 때 평균 말속도에서 말더듬 아동은 발화길이와 상관없이 일반 아동보다 비유창성이 더 많이 나타났다. 말속도를 조절 때 말더듬 아동은 빠른 말속도에서 일반아동보다 많은 비유창성을 보였다. 그리고 말속도와 발화길이를 조절했을 시 빠른 말속도에서 말더듬 아동은 발화길이와 상관없이 일반아동보다 높은 비유창성을 보였다. 통사적 복잡성을 조절했을 때는 복문에서 말더듬 아동이 일반아동보다 더 많은 비유창성을 보였다. 말더듬 아동은 말속도, 발화길이 그리고 통사적 복잡성에 따라 비유창성에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 말더듬 아동은 말운동 조절 그리고 언어처리 능력이 일반아동보다 취약한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 임상에서 말더듬 아동 치료 시 치료사와 부모가 말속도와 발화길이를 아동의 수준에 맞춰 진행하는 것이 중요한 것으로 확인되었다.