• 산업공학
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.751-758
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• 2000

Situation awareness is defined as a person's perception of the elements of the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future. Situation awareness is important in attempting to evaluate human behavior in operating complex systems such as aircraft, air traffic control, and nuclear power plant systems. From the literatures this study reviews the relationship between situation awareness and numerous individual, system and environmental factors, and also reviews the methodologies for the empirical measurement of situation awareness applicable to Korea Next Generation Reactor (KNGR) design project. Attention, working memory, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation are presented as critical factors limiting operator's situation awareness. Mental models and goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as important mechanisms overcoming these limits. This study summarized hypothesized guidelines for interface design to improve situation awareness of reactor operators. Some of the guidelines should be tested in the KNGR evaluation experiments in the future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.18-28
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to emphasize the indispensability and generalization of ecological approach in landscape planning and design, by describing the main ecological principles and the process and method applying them to landscape planning and presenting the case study of ecological planning. Landscape architecture is the science dealing with nature and therefore ecological approach in it cannot be emphasized too much. The main ecological principles that must be considered in landscape planning and design are energy flow, food chains, biogeochemical cycles, limiting factors, carrying capacity and homeostasis, vegetational succession, ecotone and edge effect, ecological niche, etc.. The seven component factors of natural ecosystem are climate, geology, physiography, hydrology, soil, vegetation, wildlife. These seven factors are interrelated by the above mentioned ecological principles. In landscape planning and design process, it is necessary that landscape architect should interpret and assess not only the component factors of natural ecosystem but also the interrelationships and ecological principles immanent in them and apply the data to final plan.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2002

The food attitudes of 285 Korean female students attending a secondary school in Seoul were examined with respect to the 5 food groups of the Korean Food Tower : grain products, vegetables and fruits, meat, milk, and fats and sweets. An instrument with 22 items was utilized to measure food attitudes toward the five food groups. The items were categorized into five factors through factor analysis to obtain a description of the participants' food attitudes. The five factors are conscious choice of food, health concerns, economics and time influence, interest in foods, and foods that energize. Several facts emerged from examining the food attitudes. The most evident was their response to the items concerning the influence of economics and time on food choice, which the majority consider not limiting their food consumption. Most participants gave favorable responses for vegetables and fruits on all the five factors, but gave unfavorable responses for meat group and fats and sweets in health concerns. They also gave favorable responses for“foods that energize”for all except fats and sweets. Four of the total 25 relationships among food intake (five groups) and food attitudes (five factors) were found to have significant positive correlations (p < .01). (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 180∼186, 2002)

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.221-237
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• 2005

For developing the site-specific fertilizer management strategies of crop, it is essential to know the spatial variability of soil factors and to assess their influence on the variability of crop growth and yield. In 2002 and 2003 cropping seasons within-field spatial variability of rice growth and yield was examined in relation to spatial variation of soil properties in the· two paddy fields having each area of ca. $6,600m^2$ in Suwon, Korea. The fields were managed without fertilizer or with uniform application of N, P, and K fertilizer under direct-seeded and transplanted rice. Stable soil properties such as content of clay (Clay), total nitrogen (TN), organic mater (OM), silica (Si), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and rice growth and yield were measured in each grid of $10\times10m$. The two fields showed quite similar spatial variation in soil properties, showing the smallest coefficient of variation (CV) in Clay $(7.6\%)$ and the largest in Si $(21.4\%)$. The CV of plant growth parameters measured at panicle initiation (PIS) and heading stage (HD) ranged from 6 to $38\%$, and that of rice yield ranged from 11 to $21\%$. CEC, OM, TN, and available Si showed significant correlations with rice growth and yield. Multiple linear regression model with stepwise procedure selected independent variables of N fertilizer level, climate condition and soil properties, explaining as much as $76\%$ of yield variability, of which $21.6\%$ is ascribed to soil properties. Among the soil properties, the most important soil factors causing yield spatial variability was OM, followed by Si, TN, and CEC. Boundary line response of rice yield to soil properties was represented well by Mitcherich equation (negative exponential equation) that was used to quantify the influence of soil properties on rice yield, and then the Law of the Minimum was used to identify the soil limiting factor for each grid. This boundary line approach using five stable soil properties as limiting factor explained an average of about $50\%$ of the spatial yield variability. Although the determination coefficient was not very high, an advantage of the method was that it identified clearly which soil parameter was yield limiting factor and where it was distributed in the field.

• 환경생물
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.77-93
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• 2000

시아해의 수질환경과 식물플랑크톤 생물량의 계절변동 특성 및 식물플랑크톤 생물량변동에 영향을 미치는 환경요인을 파악하기 위해 1995년 2월,4월,7월과 10월 4회에 걸쳐 계절별로 23개 관측점의 표층과 저층 해수를 대상으로 현장조사를 실시하였다. 결과, 시아해는 2월에 최저수온, 8월에 최고 수온을 나타내나, 염분은 6, 7월에 높고 겨울에 낮은 특성을 나타내었으며, 연중 빠른 유속과 조석혼합 등으로 수층 간 혼합된 양상과 매우 낮은 투명도를 나타내고 있었다. 영양염류 중 질소는 여름을 제외하고는 비교적 높은 값을 나타내며, 인은 연중 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍat./l내외의 값을 보이고 있는 반면, 규소는 봄철 규조류 대발생시를 제외하고는 연중 높은 농도를 유지하고 있었다. Chl-a는 연중 2$\mu\textrm{g}$/l 이상의 높은 값을 나타내고 있으며, 특히 규조류의 대발생이 보여지는 봄철에 높은 값을 나타내었다. 다만, 연중 높은 생물량은 생물의 성장과 활성에 의하기보다는 조석혼합 등에 의해 해저표층퇴적물에 침강된 표영생태계 중의 생물량 상당부분이 수중으로 재 부유한 결과로 보여져, 높은 부유물질 등 제한된 광 조건으로 시아해 식물플랑크톤 생물활성은 그다지 높지 않을 것으로 추정되었다. 기초생산을 제한하는 영양염은 시아해 북쪽해역에서는 인에 의해, 남쪽해역에서는 질소에 의해 지배되고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 겨울철은 인의 존재량에 비해 질소가 과잉으로 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 규소는 봄철 규조의 대발생시를 제외하고는 식물플랑크톤 군집에 크게 영향을 주지 앓는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 영양염류 중 규소는 담수 등 복잡한 주변 수괴의 유입에 의존하는 비율이 높고, 질소는 여름에는 담수 유입에 의존하나 시기에 따라서는 저층 해수의 공급에 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 인은 담수유입에 의한 부분보다 저층 해수 및 주변 수괴로부터 유입하는 비율이 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 시아해의 식물플랑크톤에 영향을 미치는 환경요인은 시간과 공간에 따라 다르게 나타나고 있으며, 여름철 극심한 질소의 부족이나 봄철 규조 대발생시의 규산염 고갈 등을 제외하면 영양염류보다도 높은 부유물질, 즉 광량 등 물리학적 요인에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.475-488
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• 1995

한반도 남서연안에 위치한 득량만에서 1992년 7월부터 1993년 3월까지 계절별로 염분과 영양염류의 농도를 측정하여 득량만 표층수중 영양염류의 시공간적 변화특성과 기초생산 제한인자의 계절변화에 대해 고찰하였다. 염분의 평균농도는 추계에 가장 낮고 춘계에 가장 높았으며, 용존무기질소는 동계에 가장 높고 하계에 가장 낮았다. 그러나, 인산염과 규산염은 하계에 가장 높았으나, 최소 값은 인산염의 경우 추계와 동계에, 규산염은 추계에 나타났다. 계절별로 다소의 차이는 있으나, 염분은 만 입구 쪽에서 북쪽으로 갈수록 점차 낮아지는 경향을 보이며, 득량도 서쪽이 동쪽 보다 다소 낮았다. 용존무기질소는 하계의 경우 거의 고갈된 농도를 보이나, 나머지 계절에는 고염수가 존재하고 있는 만의 입구 쪽 정점들에서 상대적으로 높고 만의 안쪽에서는 거의 고갈된 농도를 보인다. 인산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 상반된 분포를 보이며, 춘계의 경우 만 입구 쪽 정점들에서 상대적으로 높은 농도를 나타내는 것을 제외하면 추계와 동계에는 거의 고갈된 농도를 보인다. 규산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 상반된 분포를 보이나, 나머지 계절에는 염분과 유사한 분포양상을 보인다. 용존무기질소는 하계의 경우만의 전 해역에서 생물생산의 제한인자로 작용하고 있으나, 나머지 계절에는 만의 안쪽 해역에서만 제한인자로 작용하고 있다고 생각된다. 인산염은 추계와 동계에는 전 해역에서 생물생산을 제한하고 있으나, 춘계의 경우는 만의 안쪽 해역에서만 제한인자로 작용하고 있다고 생각된다. 규산염의 경우는 담수의 공급량이 작은 동계와 춘계에 만의 안쪽 해역에서 규조류의 생산을 제한하고 있다고 생각된다. 인산염과 규산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 부(-)의 상관성을 나타내는 것으로 보아 주로 담수의 유입에 의해 만내로 공급되고 있다. 그러나, 나머지 계절에는 용존무기질소와 규산염의 농도가 염분과 정의 상관성을 나타내는 것으로 보아 용존무기질소 및 규산염 농도가 비교적 높은 외해수가 만내로 유입되고 있음을 의미한다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.296-313
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• 1982

At a time when world population and food supply are in a delicate balance, it is essential that we look at factors to improve this balance. We can alter the environment to better fit the plant's needs, or we can alter the plant to better fit the environment. Improved technology has allowed us to increase the yield level. For moderately detrimental weather events technology has generally decreased the yield variation, yet for major weather disasters the variation has increased. We have raised the upper level, but zero is still the bottom level. As we concentrate the production of particular crops into limited areas where the environment is closest to optimum, we may be increasing the risk of a major weather related disaster. We need to evaluate the degree of variability of different crops, and how weather and technology can interact to affect it. The natural limits of crop production are imposed by important ecological factors. Production is a function of the climate, the soil, and the crop and all activities related to them. In looking at the environment of a crop we must recognize these are individuals, populations and ecosystems. Under intensive agriculture we try to limit the competition to one desired species. The environment is made up of a complex of factors; radiation, moisture, temperature and wind, among others. Plant response to the environment is due to the interaction of all of these factors, yet in attempting to understand them we often examine each factor individually. Variation in crop yields is primarily a function of limiting environmental parameters. Various weather parameters will be discussed, with emphasis placed on how they impact on crop production. Although solar radiation is a driving force in crop production, it often shows little relationship to yield variation. Water may enter into crop production as both a limiting and excessive factor. The effects of moisture deficiency have received much more attention than moisture excess. In many areas of the world, a very significant portion of yield variation is due to variation in the moisture factor. Temperature imposes limits on where crops can be grown, and the type of crop that can be grown in an area. High temperature effects are often combined with deficient moisture effects. Cool temperatures determine the limits in which crops can be grown. Growing degree units, or heat accumulations, have often been used as a means of explaining many temperature effects. Methods for explaining chilling effects are more limited.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.207-218
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• 1998

A site survey in two apartment complexes and a nursery experiment were carried out in this study to provide basic data of the long-pending growth characteristics of major landscaping trees, such as Picea abies, Pinus parviflora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Magnolia denudata, Acer buergerianum and Acer palmatum. According to the main results, the survival rates were very low, reflected by the average survival rate of the four species was 95% at the nursery site. And, it was presumed that the site conditions of two apartment complexes for tree growth were very inferior to those of the nursery site, taking into consideration that the increment percents of growth factors of the tree species at the nursery site were relatively higher than those of the apartment complexes. The distribution patterns of the current growth factors of trees showed a normal distribution. The regression equation of breast diameter on diameter at root collar showed especially high predictability. And, it was thought that the most critical limiting environmental factors on tree growth at the apartment complexes were found to be alkaline pH caused by excessive Ca, high percent base saturation, insufficiency of available moisture content, bad drainage due to inferior soil texture, high soil hardness, lack of organic matter and shortage of cation exchange capacity in soil.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.109-125
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• 2016

인간의 삶에서 치유는 떼어낼 수 없는 관계에 있다. 최근 치유의 요구가 증가하면서 이를 위한 공간, 장소, 나아가 이동에 대한 지리적 연구가 필요한 시점이다. 본 연구는 서울 한양도성길 낙산구간 걷기를 사례로 걷기의 과정에서 어떠한 치유요소가 작용하며 그 지리적 함의가 무엇인지를 밝히는 데 목적을 두었다. '치유적 모빌리티' 개념과 틀을 바탕으로 181건의 블로그 텍스트를 연구 자료로 활용하였고 치유요소들을 분류한 결과, '기상 기후', '걷기 산책', 그리고 '야경'이 주요 요소로 분석되었다. 또한, 치유의 걷기 과정을 주요 요소들을 다룬 블로그 내러티브 분석으로 살펴본 결과, 치유의 장소만들기, 제한요인으로서 시간, 야경 속 사회적 신체라는 지리학적 함의를 찾을 수 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.617-626
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• 2006

Compared with the sludge from gravity sedimentation, it is difficult for operations to settle the sludge occurred from dissolved-air-flotation (DAF). Even though there are some problems in treating DAF sludge with conventional gravity thickeners, those has been used until now. In this study, Solid Flux theory for gravity thickening was applied to the Solid Flux of DAF sludge through flotation in order to develop new methodology for treatment of DAF sludge. Also, characteristics of DAF sludge were investigated. From the experiment results, it was revealed that the higher the polymer dosage, at fixed the solid concentration, the greater the rising velocity becomes. When we applied solid flux theory, the relationship, which is similar to that of gravity thickening, has been achieved. Also, we could find the proper polymer dosage from the rising velocity is about 50 mg/L. Consequently, the limiting solid flux can be derived from the relationship between the total solid flux and the withdrawal velocity of DAF sludge. Furthermore, the factors, such as solid concentrations, bubble volume, pH, zeta potential, and temperature, have effects on the flotation and sedimentation for DAF sludge treatment.