• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국응용약물학회 2003년도 Annual Meeting of KSAP : International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences on Obesity
• /
• pp.87-87
• /
• 2003

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, $^{+}NH_3CH_2CH_2{SO_3}^{-}$) is endogenous $\beta$-amino acid which is essential in fetal nutrition and development and is present in abundant quantities in several tissues of fetus. In utero, taurine deficiency causes abnormal development and abnormal function of brain, retina, kidney and myocardium. Thus, transfer of taurine into fetus is important during embryonic development. Taurine transporter (TauT) has 12 hydrophobic membrane -spanning domains, which is typical of the $Na^{+}$- and $Cl^{-}$-dependent transporter gene family. Among the various biosynthetic enzymes of taurine, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSD) is the rate-limiting enzyme for biosynthesis of taurine. However, the enzyme activities of taurine biosynthesis are limited in early stage of embryonic development. To analyze the expression period of TauT and CSD during embryonic development, we have investigated the gene expression of TauT and CSD using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in mouse and chicken embryos. RT-PCR anaylsis revealed that both TauT and CSD mRNAs were already expressed at Day-4.5 in mouse embryo. In chicken whole embryo, TauT and CSD mRNAs began to appear on developing times of 48 hrs and 12 hrs, respectively. TauT mRNA was detected in the organs of heart, brain and eye of the day-3 chicken embryo. Our data show that TauT and CSD mRNAs were expressed in early stage of embryonic development.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 1987

일반계(一般系) (천마벼, 서남벼 및 섬진벼) 및 다수계(多收系) (가야벼, 원풍벼, 이리 362호(號)) 현미(玄米)의 성분(成分)을 분석(分析) 비교(比較)하였다. 현미(玄米)의 단백질(蛋白質) 함량(含量)$(N{\times}5.95)$은 평균(平均) 9.63%로서 서남벼가 10.50%로 가장 높았고, 섬진벼는 8.90%로 가장 낮았다. 지방질(脂肪質)$(2.11{\sim}2.31%)$과 회분(灰分)$(1.14{\sim}1.34%)$ 함량(含量)은 각(各) 품종간(品種間)에 큰 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았다. 아미노산(酸)의 함량(含量)은 일반계(一般系)와 다수계(多收系) 현미간(玄米間)에 뚜렷한 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았으며, 품종간(品種間)에도 큰 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았다. 현미(玄米)의 제(第)1제한(制限) 아미노산은 리진(lysine)이었으며, 제(第)2제한(制限) 아미노산(酸)은 원풍벼의 트레오닌(threonine)을 제외(除外)하고는 모두 이소로이신(isoleucine)이었다. 현미(玄米)의 주(主)된 지방산(脂肪酸)은 팔미트산(酸)(19.3%), 올레산(酸)(40.3%) 및 리놀레산(酸)(36.1%)으로서 전체(全體) 지방산(脂肪酸)의 95.7%를 차지하였다. 일반계(一般系) 현미(玄米)는 다수계(多收系) 현미(玄米)에 비(比)하여 포화지방산(飽和脂肪酸) 함량(含量)이 낮았다. 현미(玄米)의 무기질(無機質) 함량(含量)은 품종간(品種間)에 큰 차이(差異)를 보였으며, 이러한 차이(差異)는 일반계(一般系) 현미(玄米)가 심하였다. 현미(玄米)의 무기질중(無機質中) 칼슘과 인(燐)의 비(比)는 약 0.052이었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 1988

배아를 제거한 일반계 및 다수계 현미 각 3품종을 평균 5%씩 3회 도정하고, 각 분획 및 잔유립의 아미노산과 지방산 조성을 조사하였다. 각 도정 분획별 아미노산의 분포는 품종간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 페닐 알라딘, 글리신 및 이소로이신의 함량은 품종간에 25%이상의 차이를 보였으며, 이들 아미노산을 제외한 다른 아미노산의 최고값과 최저값의 차이는 평균 14.5%이었다. 도정 분회간의 아미노산 함량의 차이를 보면 품종에 따른 차이는 $9.8{\sim}14.5%$ 이었으며, 세린 및 히스티딘의 차이가 심하였다. 리진의 함량은 분획 I 및 II에서 가장 높았으며, 이소로이신은 리진과는 반대로 분획 III 및 잔유립에서 그 함량이 높았다. 각 분획의 제 1제한 아미노산은 현미와 마찬가지로 리진이었으나, 제 2제한 아미노산은 트레오닌이었다. 각 도정 분회별 지방산의 분포는 품종간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 잔유립의 미리스트산(14 ; 0), 팔미트산(16 : 0), 팔미트레산(16 : 1) 및 스테아르산(18 : 0)의 함량은 분획 $I{\sim}III$보다 높았으며, 리놀렌산(18 : 3)은 다소 낮았다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2013

감자는 벼, 보리, 밀과 함께 세계 4 대 식량작물에 속하며 고품질의 전분과 함께 비타민 C 함량이 높고 단백질의 함량도 높다. 그러나 메티오닌과 시스테인 등의 황 함유 아미노산과 함께 필수아미노산이 부족하여 영양학적으로 가치가 다소 낮다는 것이 단점이다. 따라서 최근에는 유전자재조합 기술 및 대사공학기술을 이용하여 이들 필수아미노산의 함량을 증대시키기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 황 함유 필수 아미노산의 함량을 증가시키기 위한 연구현황 및 문제점 등을 조사하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.485-493
• /
• 2015

This study evaluated the in situ ruminal degradability, and subsequent small intestinal digestibility (SID) of dry matter, crude protein (CP), and amino acids (AA) of cottonseed meal (CSM), sunflower seed meal (SFSM) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) by using the modified three-step in vitro procedure. The ruminal degradability and subsequent SID of AA in rumen-undegradable protein (RUP-AA) varied among three protein supplements. The result show that the effective degradability of DM for SFSM, CSM, and DDGS was 60.8%, 56.4%, and 41.0% and their ruminal fermentable organic matter was 60.0%, 55.9%, and 39.9%, respectively. The ruminal degradable protein (RDP) content in CP for SFSM, CSM, and DDGS was 68.3%, 39.0%, and 32.9%, respectively, at the ruminal solid passage rate of 1.84%/h. The SFSM is a good source of RDP for rumen micro-organisms; however, the SID of RUP of SFSM was lower. The DDGS and CSM are good sources of RUP for lambs to digest in the small intestine to complement ruminal microbial AA of growing lambs. Individual RUP-AA from each protein source was selectively removed by the rumen microorganisms, especially for Trp, Arg, His, and Lys (p<0.01). The SID of individual RUP-AA was different within specific RUP origin (p<0.01). Limiting amino acid was Leu for RUP of CSM and Lys for both RUP of SFSM and DDGS, respectively. Therefore, different protein supplements with specific limitations should be selected and combined carefully in growing lambs ration to optimize AA balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.311-316
• /
• 1995

Data on available feed resources, feeding practices and nutrient adequacy of rations under small farm conditions in Sri Lanka were obtained in a baseline survey involving 104 pig farms. The results showed that a wide range of non-conventional feedstuffs are used for pig feeding under typical small farm conditions and that dietary protein quality is a major factor limiting productivity. Following the survey, two on-farm trials were conducted to evaluate cheaper, alternative feeding strategies. In trial 1, a test diet was formulated using several non-conventional feedstuffs and compared with a commercial feed that is normally fed in the farms. In trial 2, the possibility of improving growth rates by amino acid supplementation was evaluated. The results demonstrated that feed costs can be considerably lowered through these packages. Some problems inherent to on-farm livestock trials are highlighted.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제55권6호
• /
• pp.777-790
• /
• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional characteristics of the following Korean-distributed fish species commonly consumed as sliced raw fish (CC-SRF): olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (OF), red sea bream Pagrus major (RS), Atlantic salmon (AS), coho salmon (CS) and sockeye salmon (SS). The crude protein and lipid contents of OF, RS, AS, CS and SS were 20.2% and 5.5%, 21.2% and 6.8%, 17.7% and 18.5%, 18.3% and 16.1%, and 20.4% and 5.7%, respectively. Regardless of the type and weight of fish species, the major amino acids were leucine, lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, whereas histidine was identified as a limiting amino acid. The major minerals in all CC-SRF were P, K and Se based on the recommended daily intake or sufficient intake for Korean males aged between 19-49 years. Among the different types of all CC-SRF, the intake of OF and SS lipids is predicted to be associated with a lower n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio, whereas among the free amino acids, which are expected to have health functionality, we identified taurine in OF and RS, and anserine in salmons. The digestibility of OF, RS, AS, CS and SS were 60.7%, 54.9%, 48.5%, 49.6%, and 53.4%, respectively.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.140-145
• /
• 2007

Acrylamide has been found in many foods. Acrylamide in foodstuffs were analyzed by a GC/MS after bromination of acrylamide or by a LC/MS for underivatized acylamide. Time consuming and laborious clean up procedures is applied for the purification of the extract, in these methods. In this study, a simple and fast method without clean up step for the analysis of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke was developed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the effects of tobacco leaf constituents on acrylamide content was observed. The analysis of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke started to collect TPM (total particulate matter) from smoking and to extract by 0.1 % acetic acid solution and then to detect by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray in the positive mode. The recovery of acrylamide in 2R4F reference cigarette was 98 % and the reproducibility was 2.5 % and the limit of detection was 1.6 ng/mL. Reducing sugars and amino acids are considered to be main precursors of acrylamide in foodstuffs. Cut tobacco contain substantial amounts of reducing sugars and amino acid which may be explained the occurrence of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke. The effects of reducing sugars and total nitrogen studied in an experiment with a various tobacco types. This result indicated that reducing sugars are not limiting factor for acrylamide formation, but the level of acrylamide in cigarette smoke was significantly correlated with the total nitrogen contents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.119-128
• /
• 1982

The effect of dietary protein on growth and lipid levels of plasma and liver was studied in weanling male rats fed diets differing protein sources and amino acid balance. Rats were devided into 9 experimental diets which were grouped into 3 categories ; 1) Simple protein category includes gluten-, soy protein isolate-, and casein-containing diet groups, 2) Supplemented category includes casein supplemented with methionine, soy protein isolate supplemented with methionine, and gluten supplemented with lysine and methionine, 3) Mixed protein category includes diet groups containing gluten (2/3), casein (1/3), soy protein isolate (2/3) and casein (1/3), and casein (1/3), soy protein isolate (1/3) and gluten (1/3). The experimental diets composed of 15% protein, 65.8% carbohydrate, 10% fat and 1% cholesterol. The body wt. gain and P.E.R. were greater in rats of supplemented and mixed protein groups than simple protein groups. No statistical differences were found in plasma cholesterol among gluten, soy protein isolate and casein groups. Consumption of diets supplemented with limiting amino acid to gluten or soy protein isolate reduced the plasma cholesterol level by 23.2% and 34.2% respectively. However there was no difference between casein and the supplemented casein groups. The mixed protein groups shows relatively high plasma cholesterol concentration and low liver cholesterol levels. On the other hand gluten group showed low plasma cholesterol and high liver cholesterol levels, which means body cholesterol pool may not have been changed by the dietary protein. Feeding soy protein meal and the supplemented soy protein isolate resulted in lower plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, liver cholesterol and liver triglycerides levels. This hypolipidemic effect is considered to see unique to soy protein isolate. Rats in gluten and the supplemented gluten groups showed lower plasma protein levels and a tendency of fatty liver.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.16-25
• /
• 1981

한국에서 사육되고 있는 오리의 식용화를 검토하기 위하여 시도하였다. 시장에서 구입한 오리고기를 일반분석하여 수분 62.87%, 조단백질 19.06%, 조지방 17.05%, 회분 1.02%를 나타냈으며 오리고기 단백질을 GLC로 분석하여 거의 모든 필수아미노산이 함유되어 있음을 알 수 있었고 트리프토판이 제한 아이노산 이었다. 한편 오리고기의 지방산을 GLC로 분석하여 oleic acid가 많았고 linoleic acid도 상당량 함유되었음을 알 수 있었고 지방산의 P/S 비는 3.4를 나타냈다. 그리고 오리고기의 콜레스테롤 함량은 70.5mg%를 나타냈고 인지질도 많은 양이 함유되었으며 특히 레시틴이 많았다. 도살 후 2시간까지는 APT-phosphorus의 유리는 높은 온도에서 훨씬 빨리 되어지며, 근원단백질의 ATPase활성은 EDTA, 금속이온의 농도가 증가하면 억제를 받고 농도가 감소되면 활성은 증가되었다. 오리고기를 상이한 조건에서 조리하고 pepsin을 첨가하여 좋은 소화상태를 알 수 있었다. 이는 오리고기가 동물성 단백질이 풍부하며 소화도 잘 되므로 좋은 동물성 단백질원이 된다고 생각되어 진다.