• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.669-680
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• 2016

In this paper, the underground box structure is discretized as a system with limited freedoms, and the explosion seismic wave is regarded as series of dynamic force acting on the lumped masses. Based on the local deformation theory, the elastic resistances of the soil are simplified as the effects of numbers of elastic chain-poles. Matrix force method is adopted to analyze the deformation of the structure in elastic half space. The structural dynamic equations are established and by solving these equations, the axial force, the moment and the displacement of the structure are all obtained. The influences of size ratio, the incident angle and the rock type on the dynamic response of the underground box structure are all investigated through a case study by using the proposed method.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.157-179
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• 2013

We present an approach, based on the state dependent Riccati equation, for designing non-collocated seismic response control strategies for buildings accounting for physical constraints, with particular attention to force saturation. We consider both cases of active control using general actuators and semi-active control using magnetorheological dampers. The formulation includes multi control devices, acceleration feedback and time delay compensation. In the active case, the proposed approach is a generalization of the classic linear quadratic regulator, while, in the semi-active case, it represents a novel generalization of the well-established modified clipped optimal approach. As discussed in the paper, the main advantage of the proposed approach with respect to existing strategies is that it allows to naturally handle a broad class of non-linearities as well as different types of control constraints, not limited to force saturation but also including, for instance, displacement limitations. Numerical results on a typical building benchmark problem demonstrate that these additional features are achieved with essentially the same control effectiveness of existing saturation control strategies.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.1037-1054
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• 2016

Structural parameter evaluation and external force estimation are two important parts of structural health monitoring. But the structural parameter identification with limited input information is still a challenging problem. A new simultaneous identification method in time domain is proposed in this study to identify the structural parameters and evaluate the external force. Each sampling point in the time history of external force is taken as the unknowns in force evaluation. To reduce the number of unknowns for force evaluation the time domain measurements are divided into several windows. In each time window the structural excitation is decomposed by orthogonal polynomials. The time-variant excitation can be represented approximately by the linear combination of these orthogonal bases. Structural parameters and the coefficients of decomposition are added to the state variable to be identified. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is augmented and selected as the mathematical tool for the implementation of state variable evaluation. The proposed method is validated numerically with simulation studies of a time-invariant linear structure, a hysteretic nonlinear structure and a time-variant linear shear frame, respectively. Results from the simulation studies indicate that the proposed method is capable of identifying the dynamic load and structural parameters fairly accurately. This method could also identify the time-variant and nonlinear structural parameter even with contaminated incomplete measurement.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 1997년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.106-113
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• 1997

Until now, the evaluation of prestressing force during the survice state has received limited attention. Only initial prestressing force is estimated by reading the pressure values of a hydraulic jack or by observing the initial elongation of tendons. In this study, the initial losses and time dependent losses of prestressing force have been monitored by installing 12 vibrating wire-type load cells at the part of P.C. box bridge of Gangbyun Riverside Highway. Also comparative study was made for measured prestressing losses and estimated values. 2-dimensional analysis was performed to see the trend of prestressing losses, and the results was compared with measured ones.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 유공강판 전단연결재로 보강된 강관말뚝의 인발실험을 통하여 구조성능을 평가하는 것이다. 인발실험에 앞서 재료의 특성을 파악하기 위하여 콘크리트 압축장도 실험을 수행하였으며, 실험에 사용되는 철근 및 철판의 항복하중, 인장강도 및 연신율 등의 재료적 특성을 미리 파악하였다. 유공강판 전단연결재로 보강된 강관말뚝의 인발실험은 2,000kN 용량의 UTM을 이용하여 0.01mm/sec 재하속도의 변위제어 방법으로 실험을 수행하였다. 계측을 위하여 철근 및 유공강판 중앙에 strain gauge를 부착하였으며, 가력판과 충전콘크리트 사이의 상대변위 측정을 위하여 변위계(LVDT)를 설치하였다. 유공강판 전단연결재로 보강된 실험체의 항복하중은 각각 923.8kN과 981.1kN으로 기존 설계법에 의하여 제작된 실험체의 항복하중인 641.7kN에 비하여 1.44배 ~ 1.53배 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 유공강판 전단연결재로 보강된 실험체의 극한하중은 각각 1004.4kN과 1055.5kN으로 기존 설계법에 의하여 제작된 실험체의 극한하중인 813.7kN에 비하여 1.23배 ~ 1.29배 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 반면, 유공강판 전단연결재로 보강된 실험체의 항복변위 및 극한상태의 변위는 기존 설계법에 의하여 제작된 실험체에 비하여 각각 0.61배 및 0.42배 감소됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 유공강판 전단연결재로 보강된 강관말뚝은 강성은 증가하고 상대변위 및 변형률은 낮게 측정되어 기존 말뚝머리 보강방법을 대체할 수 있는 적절한 보강방법임 알 수 있었다.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.195-229
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• 2018

본 연구는 한국현대사에 가장 논쟁적인 시기를 지나오면서 복지체제가 어떻게 변화해왔는지를 관찰했다. 복지체제는 수출주도형 경제성장의 필요에 조응하는 방식으로 변화했다. 1960년대 중반부터 시작된 경공업중심의 산업화는 농촌에 존재하고 있던 광범위한 유휴노동력을 흡수해 그들을 상품화시킴으로써 한국사회가 절대빈곤에서 벗어나는 계기를 마련했다. 하지만 노동력의 상품화에 조응하는 공적 탈상품화, 즉 사회보장제도는 매우 제한적인 영역과 대상에 국한해 제도화되었다. 실제로 탈상품화 제도는 노동력 재생산과 직접적 연관이 있는 영역에 국한되었고, 이마저도 농촌의 대체 가능한 유휴노동력이 풍부한 상황에서 그 대상은 매우 제한적이었다. 강제적 의료보험은 기업 부담을 이유로 거부되었고, 대규모 사업장을 중심으로 산재보험이 도입되었다. 1970년대에 들어서면서 한국 경제의 중심이 경공업에서 중화학공업으로 이동하기 시작하자 상품화된 노동력도 저숙련 여성노동력에서 숙련된 남성 노동력으로 변화했다. 수출중심의 대기업에 고용된 노동자들과 내수중심의 중소기업에 고용된 노동자들 간에 이중구조가 만들어지기 시작한 것도 바로 이 시기이다. 이에 따라 사회적 위험에 대응해 노동력 재생산을 지원하는 공적 탈상품화 제도도 대규모 사업장을 중심으로 제도화되었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.715-728
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• 2022

Closed steel supports of different shapes are used in mining and underground constructions. The supports are prefabricated from rolled, usually robust, steel profiles. The load carrying capacity of a support is considerably influenced by the active loading and passive forces. The passive forces are induced by interactions between the support and the surrounding rock mass. The analysis herein comprises three parts: The first part consists of structural geometry processing. The second part involves finding the numerical solution of a statically indeterminate structure for a specified load. The third part is calculation of the load carrying capacity and the components of internal forces and deformations. For this, the force method and numerical integration are used. The Winkler model is applied when the support interacts with the surrounding environment. The load carrying capacity is limited by the slip resistance of the connected parts and it is limited by reaching the ultimate state of the profile. This paper serves as a comprehensive reference for the determination of the load carrying capacity of closed steel supports and includes stepwise derivations of the governing formulas.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.373-390
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• 2020

Hybrid simulation (HS) is a versatile tool for structural performance evaluation under dynamic loads. Although real structural responses are often multiple-directional owing to an eccentric mass/stiffness of the structure and/or excitations not along structural major axes, few HS in this field takes into account structural responses in multiple directions. Multi-directional loading is more challenging than uni-directional loading as there is a nonlinear transformation between actuator and specimen coordinate systems, increasing the difficulty of suppressing loading error. Moreover, redundant actuators may exist in multi-directional hybrid simulations of large-scale structures, which requires the loading strategy to contain ineffective loading of multiple actuators. To address these issues, lately a new strategy was conceived for accurate reproduction of desired displacements in bi-directional hybrid simulations (BHS), which is characterized in two features, i.e., iterative displacement command updating based on the Jacobian matrix considering nonlinear geometric relationships, and force-based control for compensating ineffective forces of redundant actuators. This paper performs performance validation and application of this new mixed loading strategy. In particular, virtual BHS considering linear and nonlinear specimen models, and the diversity of actuator properties were carried out. A validation test was implemented with a steel frame specimen. A real application of this strategy to BHS on a full-scale 2-story frame specimen was performed. Studies showed that this strategy exhibited excellent tracking performance for the measured displacements of the control point and remarkable compensation for ineffective forces of the redundant actuator. This strategy was demonstrated to be capable of accurately and effectively reproducing the desired displacements in large-scale BHS.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.283-293
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• 2019

The limited availability of raw materials and increasing service demands for pavements pose a unique challenge in terms of pavement design and concrete material selection. The self-compacting rubberized concrete (SCRC) can be used in pavement design. The SCRC pavement slab has advantages of excellent toughness, anti-fatigue and convenient construction. On the premise of satisfying the strength, the SCRC can increase the ductility of pavement slab. The aim of this investigation is proposing a new method to predict the crack growth and flexural capacity of large-scale SCRC slabs. The mechanical properties of SCRC are obtained from experiments on small-scale SCRC specimens. With the increasing of the specimen depth, the bearing capacity of SCRC beams decreases at the same initial crack-depth ratio. By constructing extended finite element method (XFEM) models, crack growth and flexural capacity of large-scale SCRC slabs with different fracture types and force conditions can be predicted. Considering the diversity of fracture types and force conditions of the concrete pavement slab, the corresponding test was used to verify the reliability of the prediction model. The crack growth and flexural capacity of SCRC slabs can be obtained from XFEM models. It is convenient to conduct the experiment and can save cost.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.833-840
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• 2006

The paper presents a numerical solution to the problem of a hot rigid indenter sliding over a thermoelastic Winkler foundation with a thermal contact resistance at constant speed. It is shown analytically that no steady-state solution can exist for sufficiently high temperature or sufficiently small normal load or speed, regardless of the thermal contact resistance. However the steady state solution may exist in the same situation if the thermal contact resistance is considered. This means that the effect of the large values of temperature difference and small value of force or velocity which occur at no steady state can be lessened due to the thermal contact resistance. When there is no steady state, the predicted transient behavior involves regions of transient stationary contact interspersed with regions of separation regardless of the thermal contact resistance. Initially, the system typically exhibits a small number of relatively large contact and separation regions, but after the initial transient, the trailing edge of the contact area is only established and the leading edge loses contact, reducing the total extent of contact considerably. As time progresses, larger and larger numbers of small contact areas are established, unlit eventually the accuracy of the algorithm is limited by the discretization used.