• Title/Summary/Keyword: Lime-layered Tomb

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Interpretation of Material Characteristics and Making Techniques for Lime-Soil Mixture on Tomb Barrier of Pyeongtaek Gungri Site in Joseon Dynasty (평택 궁리유적 조선시대 회곽묘의 재료학적 특성 및 제작기법 해석)

  • Kang, San Ha;Lee, Chan Hee
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.51 no.1
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    • pp.49-65
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    • 2018
  • The lime-soil mixture on tomb barrier (LSMB) is a type of tomb in Joseon Dynasty, which made with so-called 'Sammul' (three material compound) that mixture of lime, fine sand and yellow ocher. This study divided the tombs of the Gungri Site from Joseon Dynasty with layered wall and integrated wall according to the manufacturing types, and investigated on the basis of analysis to material characteristics and making techniques. Analytical samples were classified with lime-soil mixtures and soils, and interpreted the mixing characteristics of Sammul based on types of tomb barrier. The tomb barrier which is directly effect to control the inner environment was made with high content of lime. But the finishing or bottom layer were made with low content of lime. Overall the LSMB with integrated wall has higher content of lime and physical property than the LSMB with layered wall. The soil which was compounded as a Sammul and collected near the Gungri Site had similar with mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. Therefore, it is presumed that the fine sand and yellow ocher that made as a Sammul, were used with soil that was distributed around the site. Meanwhile, large scale limestone quarry is distributed near the site. Especially, Gungri Site has a possibility of material supply through water transport, due to the sea route from Asan bay is connected near the site. Thus, there is the possibility of transportation of lime materials from nearby quarry.

Evaluation of Physical Properties and Strength Interpretation for Lime-Soil Mixture on Barrier Tomb of Pyeongtaek Gungri Site in Joseon Dynasty (조선시대 평택 궁리유적 회곽묘의 물성평가 및 강도해석)

  • Lee, Chan Hee;Kang, San Ha
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.97-106
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    • 2018
  • The lime-soil mixture on barrier (LSMB) tomb is a representative type of tomb from the Joseon Dynasty. It is an important reference for understanding the society and funeral culture of that time. The LSMB excavated at the Gungri site were classified with manufacturing type. The ultrasonic velocity and rebound hardness method were used to estimate the physical properties of the LSMB. The strength values on the tomb of layered wall were different depend on measuring method. The compressive strengths of the tomb with layered wall, which is calculated by ultrasonic velocity and rebound hardness ranged from 4.0 to 355 (mean 43.6) $kgf/cm^2$ and 18.8 to 538 (mean 245.2) $kgf/cm^2$ ranges. The damage to the tomb with integrated wall during excavation and removal of the corpse could be a reason for the difference in results obtained using ultrasonic velocity method. Compressive strengths of tombs with integrated wall, which is calculated by ultrasonic velocity and rebound hardness ranged from 5.7 to 793 (mean 281.6) $kgf/cm^2$ and 4.5 to 550.5 (mean 172.4) $kgf/cm^2$ values. Physical properties on the tombs of integrated wall had different in compressive strength value but showed similar tendency. Thus, evaluation of the physical properties has shown that measuring ultrasonic velocity and rebound hardness methods are more effective in the LSMB with integrated walls. Further, the strength values obtained through the rebound hardness method are more constant than those obtained through the ultrasonic method due to the small detection area required by the former.

A Study on the Excavated Sab(a funeral fan) from Lime-filled Tomb and Lime-layered Tomb during the Joseon Dynasty (조선시대 회격·회곽묘 출토 삽(翣)에 대한 고찰)

  • Yi, Seung Hae;An, Bo Yeon
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.43-59
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    • 2008
  • Sap(?, a funeral fan) is a funeral ceremonial object used in association with a Confucian ceremonial custom, which was crafted by making a wooden frame, attaching a white cloth or a thick paper onto it, drawing pictures on it, and making a holder for a handle. According to Liji(Records of Rites), Sap was used since the Zhou Dynasty, and these Chinese Sap examples are no big different than the Korean Sap examples, which were described in Joseon Wangjo Sillok(Annals of the Joseon Dynasty), Gukjo Oryeui(the Five Rites of the State), and Sarye Pyeollam(Handbook on Four Rituals). This study explored Sap excavated in lime-filled tombs and lime-layered tombs of aristocrats dating back to Joseon, as well as their historical records to examine Sap's characteristics according to their examples, manufacturing methods, and use time. The number and designs of Sap varied according to the deceased' social status aristocrats used mainly one pair of 亞-shaped Bulsap, and a pair of Hwasap with a cloud design depicted on it. A Sap was wrapped twice with Chojuji paper or Jeojuji paper, and for the third time with Yeonchangji paper. Then, it was covered with a white ramie, a hemp, a cotton, a silk satin, etc. Bobul(an axe shape and 亞-shape design) was drawn on both sides of Sap, and a rising current of cloud was drawn at the peripheral area mainly with red or scarlet pigments. Sap, which were excavated from aristocrats'lime-filled and lime-layered tombs, are the type of Sap which were separated from its handle. These excavated Sap are those whose long handles were burnt during the death carriage procession, leaving Sap, which later were erected on both sides of the coffin. The manufacturing process of excavated relics can be inferred by examining them. The excavated relics are classified into those with three points and those with two points according to the number of point. Of the three-point type(Type I), there is the kind of relic that was woven into something like a basket by using a whole wood plate or cutting bamboo into flat shapes. The three-point Sap was concentrated comparatively in the early half of Joseon, and was manufactured with various methods compared with its rather unified overall shape. In the meantime, the two-point Sap was manufactured with a relatively formatted method; its body was manufactured in the form of a rectangle or a reverse trapezoid, and then its upper parts with two points hanging from them were connected, and the top surface was made into a curve(Type II) or a straight line(Type III) differentiating it from the three-point type. This manufacturing method, compared with that of the three-point type, is simple, but is not greatly different from the three-point type manufacturing method. In particular, the method of crafting the top surface into a straight line has been used until today. Of the examined 30 Sap examples, those whose production years were made known from the buried persons'death years inscribed on the tomb stones, were reexamined, indicating that type I was concentrated in the first half of the $16^{th}$ century. Type II spanned from the second half of the $16^{th}$ century to the second half of the $17^{th}$ century, and type III spanned from the first half of the $17^{th}$ century to the first half of the $18^{th}$ century. The shape of Sap is deemed to have changed from type I to type II and again from type II to type III In the $17^{th}$ century, which was a time of change, types II and III coexisted. Of the three types of Sap, types II and III re similar because they have two points; thus a noteworthy transit time is thought to have been the middle of the $16^{th}$ century. Type I compared with types II and III is thought to have required more efforts and skills in the production process, and as time passed, the shape and manufacturing methods of Sap are presumed to have been further simplified according to the principle of economy. The simplification of funeral ceremonies is presumed to have been furthered after Imjinwaeran(Japanese invasion of Joseon, 1592~1598), given that as shown in the Annals of King Seonjo, state funerals were suspended several times. In the case of Sap, simplification began from the second half of the $16^{th}$ century, and even in the $18^{th}$ century, rather than separately crafting Sap, Sap was directly drawn on the coffin cover and the coffin. However, in this simplification of form, regulations on the use of Sap specified in Liji were observed, and thus the ceremony was rationally simplified.

Usefulness of Biochemical Analysis for Human Skeletal Remains Assigned to the Joseon Dynasty in Oknam-ri Site in Seocheon, Korea (조선시대 인골에 대한 생화학적 분석의 유용성: 서천군 옥남리 회곽묘 출토 인골을 중심으로)

  • Kang, So-Yeong;Kwon, Eun-Sil;Moon, Eun-Jung;Cho, Eun-Min;Seo, Min-Seok;Kim, Yun-Ji;Jee, Sang-Hyun
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.95-107
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    • 2010
  • Biochemical research was carried out on 4 human skeletal remains from historical lime-layered tombs assigned to the Joseon Dynasty in Oknam-ri, Seocheon. The preservation of femur was evaluated by stereoscopic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Most of specimens showed good histological preservation. The histological results proved to be a good potentiality for biochemical analysis using bio-molecules. The amelogenin gene and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses revealed that three specimens perhaps have maternal consanguinity due to sharing with mtDNA haplogroup D4b1, and two specimens buried in the same tomb were a couple in Gatjaegol site. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis indicated that four deads diet were built around C3 plant as rice, barley, wheat and bean. In this study we characterized genetic and diet features from the social stratum who could make lime-layered tombs during period of the Joseon Dynasty. The results suggest that biochemical research using the human skeletal remains from the Joseon Dynasty has the great potential and reasonable value for archaeology, anthropology, and population genetics.