• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.904-910
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• 2010

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) carried out to estimate carbon footprint and to establish of LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database of pepper production system. Pepper production system was categorized the field cropping (redpepper) and the greenhouse cropping (greenpepper) according to pepper cropping type. The results of collecting data for establishing LCI D/B showed that input of fertilizer for redpepper production was more than that for greenpepper production system. The value of fertilizer input was 2.55E+00 kg $kg^{-1}$ redpepper and 7.74E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ greenpepper. Amount of pesticide input were 5.38E-03 kg $kg^{-1}$ redpepper and 2.98E-04 kg $kg^{-1}$ greenpepper. The value of field direct emission ($CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$) were 5.84E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ redpepper and 2.81E+00 greenpepper, respectively. The result of LCI analysis focussed on the greenhouse gas (GHG), it was observed that the values of carbon footprint were 4.13E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ for redpepper and 4.70E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ for greenpepper; especially for 90% and 6% of $CO_2$ emission from fertilizer and pepper production, respectively. $N_2O$ was emitted from the process of N fertilizer production (76%) and pepper production (23%). The emission value of $CO_2$ from greenhouse production was more higher than it of field production system. The result of LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) was showed that characterization of values of GWP (Global Warming Potential) were 4.13E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ for field production system and 4.70E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ for greenhouse production system. It was observed that the process of fertilizer production might be contributed to approximately 52% for redpepper production system and 48% for greenpepper production system of GWP.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.365-370
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• 2009

LCA is a tool to support for making decisions by offering information of environmental aspects of products or services. It can be used to make decisions to consumers and NGOs as well as government and enterprises. LCA evaluates the environmental aspects throughout the entire life cycle of a product. Therefore it can quantify and assess environmental impacts from raw material acquisition, manufacturing, distribution, use and disposal to end of life and recycling. The demands of the recycling rate increase and the use of suitable materials for RoHS, REACH, WEEE, ELV which are linked trade with environmental regulation have increased the worldwide. Global warming is the critical challenge of the world facing. And under post-Kyoto protocol each country has to prepare for target reduction, so it became essential to save energy and resources. In addition that, the carbon mark has been run as the way of showing example of CO2 reduction in domestic and it will be extended gradually. And also through the introduction of Eco-label, environmentally-friendly product will be promoted. When those systems are operated, global warming gases (i.e. CO2) can be calculated throughout the entire life of the products by LCA. And the environmental impacts such as harmful material emission in the process of manufacturing, energy consumption, distribution and so on, can also be assessed. Therefore, The basic concepts of LCA technique and various cases and the practical application in the future will be review in this study.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.4A
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• pp.269-278
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• 2011

Recently, methods on minimizing environmental effect caused from human-made goods have been studied in various research fields. Such issue has been also spotlighted into the civil engineering field; however, application of environmental performance assessment on civil structures is very complicated, since they handles vast ranges of materials and has comparatively long life span with various construction stages. Thus, this study intended to apply environmental performance assessment into an ordinary type of steel box girder bridge, using most popular Life cycle assessment (LCA) procedures, which are called Survey-based method and Indirect method. For better comparison of two methods, greenhouse effect of the example bridge is considered. As result of analysis, total $CO_2$ emission is evaluated as 241.27 ton with Survey-based method while it is evaluated as 221.03 ton with Indirect method. It is also revealed that most $CO_2$ is generated from the process of manufacturing and producing construction materials. Such result indicates that the efficient design which secures certain level of structural safety with minimized input materials. It is considered that the specific LCA on civil structure performed in this study could be utilized to other civil structures for reasonable environmental performance assessment.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2006

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was carried out to identify and improve the environmental aspects associated with the present incineration system of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in Korea. The environmental impact associated with the landfill of the incineration ash was also assessed in this study, while so far it was excluded in most studies. It was found out that the $CO_{2}$ emission from the electricity generation as well as the incineration process and heavy metals emissions to air and water accounted for about 90% of total environmental impacts. In particular, the effect of the emission of heavy metals were dominant. In oder to improve the current incineration system environmentally, it is needed to incinerate the wastes like spent LIBs which contained relatively high portion of heavy metals separately from other combustible wastes. On the other hand, the effect of the landfill of ash after incineration was insignificant since the ash from the incineration process was chemically stable.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.53-54
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• 2012

This study is aimed at utilizing LCA processor with BIM LOD, eliciting the problems of the existing environmental assessment by constructing the database for environmental values of green buildings. For these objects, environmental load database of BIM construction material and evaluation process are presented, after matching BIM family based environmental load database which is available during evaluation stage, input-output tables and Korea LCI database to standard item code of public procurement service. It is a important factor in environmental assessment of building to develop database unit of standard item code for BIM and construction material. Thus, the results of this study are expected to provide basic data for improving effectiveness of construction through BIM based environmental load evaluation database. Furthermore, the provided environmental load database unit for construction material is considered to be available as basic information for BIM study by suggesting a processor connecting BIM with LCA and along with this, continuous examination on the connection process is needed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.43-45
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• 2012

As a part of recent CO₂ emission reduction studies in the concrete industry with active use of concrete admixtures with low basic unit of CO₂ emission such as blast furnace slag (BFS), basic unit of CO₂ emission by SBFS was computed in order to assess CO₂ emission by reinforced concrete building with smart blast furnace slag (SBFS). In addition, SBFS concrete was applied to the subject building for assessment of CO₂ emission during material production step among construction steps. Life cycle CO₂ emission assessment on the subject building was classified into 7cases according to mix ratio of BFS and SBFS.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.424-430
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• 2007

The biological effects of low-dose radiation have been investigated and debated for more than a century, but its cellular effects and regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study shows the human cellular responses to low-dose radiation in CCD-18 Lu cells, which are derived from normal human lung fibroblasts. We examined a colony-forming assay for cell survival by ionizing radiation. Live cell counting and cell cycle analysis were measured for cell proliferation and cell cycle progression following low-dose irradiation. We examined Raf and Akt phosphorylation to determine the proliferation mechanism resulting from low-dose radiation. We also observed that p53 and p21 were related to cell cycle response. We found that 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation enhanced cell proliferation and did not change the progression of the cell cycle. In addition, 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation transiently activated Raf and Akt, but did not change phospho-p53, p53 and p21 in CCD-18 Lu cells. However, 2 Gy of ionizing radiation induced cell cycle arrest, phosphorylation of p53, and expression of p53 and p21. The phosphorylation of Raf and Akt proteins induced by 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation was abolished by pre-treatment with an EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, or a PI3k inhibitor, LY294002. Cell proliferation stimulated by 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation was blocked by the suppression of Raf and Akt phosphorylation with these inhibitors. These results suggest that 0.05 Gy of ionizing radiation stimulates cell proliferation through the transient activation of Raf and Akt in CCD-18 Lu cells.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Korean Government announced 'The Roadmap to realize a low carbon green society on year 2020' on July 12, 2011 in order to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Non-energy category of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (FAFF) should mitigate 1,349 kilo $CO_2$-equivalent ($CO_2$-eq.) tonnes which is 7.1% of Business-As-Usual on year 2020. The mitigation from animal manure treatment system (AMTS) comprises ca. 45% of the total mitigated amount of Non-energy category of FAFF. Hence, the precise evaluation of GHG emissions from AMTS is important to find effective mitigation measures. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate GHG emissions from AMTS. The most GHG emitter was a composting/liquid fertilizer/activated sludge system (1,649.45 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year) and the least GHG emitter was a activated liquid fertilizer system (1,024.46 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year). Thermophilic oxic process showed the highest ratio (34.9%) of GHG emissions by the use of electricity to total GHG emissions from systems. Energy efficiency should be considered to mitigate GHG emissions from AMTS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.499-508
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• 2010

This study proposed a life cycle impact assessment index that can indicate the environment-related information of the product in monetary value such that the national geographical, environmental, and social features are fully reflected based on a damage-oriented model. First, the estimation process was classified into characterization, damage assessment, and integration stages considering the six biggest impact categories: resource depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical oxidant creation. Moreover, this study came up with the 16 category endpoints related to the 6 impact categories, and the damage function, to the 4 largest safeguard subjects. The integration indices of finally identified impact categories were KRW 21.8/kg Sb, KRW 6.19/kg$CO_2$, KRW 53,000/kg CFC-11, KRW 13,100/kg $SO_2$, KRW 2,310/kg ${PO_4}^{3-}$, and KRW 3,030/kg $C_2H_4$. Using the results of this research, environmental impacts based on the environmental load generated throughout the entire life cycle of a product can serve as a single index in monetary value; thus enhancing understanding and utilization of the results of life cycle impact assessments.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2011

● The current world is suffering abnormal climate caused by global warming. The main cause of global warming is greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide. The carbon labeling system and carbon traceability system being pushed ahead in the agricultural sector is the policy for responding to climate change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To make this policy more effective and enhanced, the amount of carbon emissions should be calculated based on the kind of crops or the various businesses in the agricultural sector. Therefore, in order to estimate the accurate amount of carbon emissions, it is necessary to establish carbon dioxide emission intensity of various agricultural materials added onto the agriculture, and to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide emission for each crop according to agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to establish the amount of emission, emission per agricultural materials, of agricultural materials being added for crop production as a basic step, and emission intensity which can be used in the future market in order to estimate accurate amount of carbon emission in all the policies being promoted in the agricultural sector. Therefore, in this study, in order to build LCI D/B about organic fertilizers among many organic materials added onto the organic agriculture sector, one leading company in organic fertilizer production was selected and LCA was conducted for this leading company. We had to build the intensity and integrated average concept of intensity upon the two cases once production farmers for their own consumption and farms besides organic fertilizer company were categorized even if it's little amount. But in this study, individually produced organic fertilizers were excluded. Calculated results are following. Carbon emission of mixed expeller cake fertilizer in organic fertilizer was 1,106,966.89kg-$CO^2$ and emission intensity was 0.01606kg-$CO^2$, respectively. Total emission of mixed organic fertilizers was 241,523.2kg-$CO^2$ and emission intensity was 0.01705kg-$CO^2$. And total emission of organic compound fertilizers was 94,592.66kg-$CO^2$ and emission intensity was 0.01769kg-$CO^2$, respectively.