• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2022

리튬이온배터리의 수요가 증가함에 따라 향후 발생할 폐리튬이온배터리 중의 유가금속 회수가 필요하다. 대량의 폐리튬이온배터리 리사이클링에는 건식제련이 적합하지만 Li이 슬래그나 분진으로 손실되는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐리튬이온배터리의 NCM계 양극재로부터 Li을 회수하기 위해 그라파이트 첨가에 따른 탄산화 배소와 수침출 거동에 대해 조사하였다. 그라파이트를 10 wt% 첨가 시, Ar 및 CO₂ 분위기에서 승온 중 약 850 K에서 급격한 무게 감소와 함께 CO 및 CO₂ 가스가 배출되었다. 급격한 무게 감소 후 NCM은 금속 산화물 및 순금속으로 분해되고 환원되었다. 따라서 블랙파우더(NCM+그라파이트)의 탄산화 배소에서는 NCM의 분해에 의해 O₂가 발생하면서 Li₂O, NiO 등의 산화물이 생성되고, 이어서 Li₂O가 CO₂와 반응하여 Li₂CO₃를 생성하며, NiO의 일부는 그라파이트에 의해 환원되어 금속 Ni을 생성한다. 그리고 탄산화 배소 후 수침출에 의해 약 99.95 % 순도의 Li₂CO₃를 최대 94.5 %까지 회수하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.856-861
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• 2002

The general reducing charagteristics of a newly synthesized reducing agent, lithium(2.3-dimethyl-2-butyl)-${\iota}$-butoxyborohydride (Li $Thx'BuOB_2$, 1), in tetrahydrofuran (THF) toward selected organic compounds containing representative fundtional groups under practical has been examined. The reagent revealed an interesting and unique reducing characteristics. Especially, the stereoselectivity in the reduction of cyclic ketones was extraordinary. Thus, the introduction of bulky alkyl and alkoxy groups into the parent borohydride affonds a high stereoselectivity. In general, the reducing power of the reagent is somewhere between the dialiylborohydride and the parent borohydride. This permits the reagent to be a reagent of choice for selecitive reduction of organic compounds with an improved selectivity.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.383-398
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• 2022

The electrochemical behavior was investigated during the electrolysis of nickel oxide in LiCl-Li₂O salt mixture at 650℃ by changing several components. The focus of this work is to improve anode design and shroud design to increase current densities. The tested components were ceramic anode shroud porosity, porosity size, anode geometry, anode material, and metallic porous anode shroud. The goal of these experiments was to optimize and improve the reduction process. The highest contributors to higher current densities were anode shroud porosity and anode geometry.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.571-576
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• 2000

Electrocatalytic effects for the reduction of thionyl chloride in $LiAICI_4/SOCl_2$ electrolyte solution containing Schiff base M(II) (M; Co and Fe) complexes are evaluated by determining kinetic parameters with cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at a glassy carbon electrode. The charge transfer process during the reduction of thionyl chloride is affected by the concentration of the catalyst. The catalytic effects are demonstrated from both a shift of the reduction potential for the thionyl chloride toward a more positive direction and an increase in peak currents. Catalytic effects are larger in thionyl chloride solutions containing the binuclear [M(II) $_2$ (TSBP)] complex rather than mononuclear [M(II)(BSDT)] complexes. Significant improvements in the cell performance have been noted in terms of both thermodynamics and activation energy for the thionyl chloride reduction. The activation energy calculated from the Arrhenius plots is 4.5-5.9 kcal/mole at bare glassy carbon electrodes. The activation energy calculated for the catalyst containing solution is 3.3-4.9 kcalmole, depending on whether the temperature is lowered or rasied.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.711-714
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• 2002

The Ce, Mn: $LiTaO_3$ crystals were grown by Czochralski method in congruent ${\varphi}$3＂ $LiTaO_3$ single crystal growing conditions. Concentrations of Ce and Mn in melt were respectively 0.1 mole%. As-grown crystals were red, transparent and the grown crystals were tested with oxidation/reduction treatment for clor and other properties. Influence of Ce and Mn dopants on $LiTaO_3$ crystal properties was discussed. And the nonlinear optical properties of the Ce, Mn: $LiTaO_3$ crystal are being studied.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.306-311
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• 2016

Li-air batteries have received much attention due to their superior theoretical energy density. However, their sluggish kinetics on the cathode side is considered the main barrier to high performance. The rational design of electrode catalysts with high activity is therefore an important challenge. To solve this issue, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to analyze the adsorption behavior of the $LiO_2$ molecule, which is considered to be a key intermediate in both the Li-oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the evolution reaction (OER). Specifically, to use the activity descriptor approach, the $LiO_2$ adsorption energy, which has previously been demonstrated to be a reliable descriptor of the cathode reaction in Li-air batteries, was calculated on $LaB_{1-x}B^{\prime}_xO_3$(001) (B, B' = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, x = 0.0, 0.5). Our fast screening results showed that $LaMnO_3$, $LaMn_{0.5}Fe_{0.5}O_3$, or $LaFeO_3$ would be good candidate catalysts. We believe that our results will provide a way to more efficiently develop new cathode materials for Li-air batteries.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2010

경막결정화를 이용한 산화물 사용후연료의 전해환원 공정에서 발생하는 LiCl 염폐기물 내 포함되어 있는 Cs 및 Sr을 분리(농축)에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 결정화 공정에서 Cs 및 Sr과 같은 불순물들은 불순물들의 용융염상 및 결정상에 대한 용해도이 차리로 분리되어 최종적으로 작은 양의 LiCl 용융염내에 농축된다. 본 연구에서는 LiCl-CsCl-$SrCl_2$ 계에대한 고체-액체 상평형도를 통해 결정화를 통한 분리가능성을 파악하였으며 열전달방정식의 계산을 통해 경막결정화 운전중 LiCl 용융염상의 온도분포를 예측할 수 있었다. 경막결정화 공정에서 결정성장 속도는 분리효율에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며 90%의 LiCl 재생율을 가정할 경우 20-25 l/min의 냉각속도 그리고 $0.2g/min{\cdot}cm^2$ 보다 작은 결정성장 속도조건에서 각각의 Cs 및 Sr에 대하여 90% 정도의 분리효율을 나타내었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.997-1001
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• 2016

Conductive ceramics are being developed to replace current Pt anodes in the electrolytic reduction of spent oxide fuels in pyroprocessing. While several conductive ceramics have shown promising electrochemical properties in small-scale experiments, their long-term stabilities have not yet been investigated. In this study, the chemical stability of conductive $La_{0.33}Sr_{0.67}MnO_3$ in $LiCl-Li_2O$ molten salt at $650^{\circ}C$ was investigated to examine its feasibility as an anode material. Dissolution of Sr at the anode surface led to structural collapse, thereby indicating that the lifetime of the $La_{0.33}Sr_{0.67}MnO_3$ anode is limited. The dissolution rate of Sr is likely to be influenced by the local environment around Sr in the perovskite framework.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.401-404
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• 2003

LiN $i_{y}$M $n_{2-y}$ $O_4$were synthesized by calcining a mixture of LiOH, Mn $O_2$(CMD), and NiO at 40$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 h and then calcining at 85$0^{\circ}C$ for 48 h in air with intermediate grinding. The voltage vs. discharge capacity curves at a current density 300 $\mu$A/c $m^2$ between 3.5 V and 4.3 V showed two plateaus, but the plateaus became ambiguous as the y value increases. The sample with y=0.02 had the largest first discharge capacity, 118.1 mAh/g. As the value y increases from 0.02 up to 0.2, on the whole, the cycling performance became better. The LiN $i_{0.10}$M $n_{1.90}$ $O_4$sample had a relatively large first discharge capacity 95.0 mAh/g and showed an excellent cycling performance. The samples with larger lattice parameter have, in general, larger discharge capacities. The reduction curves in the cyclic voltammograms for the y=0.05-0.20 samples exhibit three peak showing that the reduction may proceed in three stages in these samples. For the samples with relatively large discharge capacity, the lattice destruction induced by strain causes the capacity fading of LiN $i_{y}$M $n_{2-y}$ $O_4$ with cycling.cling.ing.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.965-974
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• 2022

Platinum anodes are widely used for metal oxides reduction in LiCl-Li₂O, however high-cost and low-corrosion resistance hinder their implementation. NiO-Li₂O ceramics is an alternative corrosion resistant anode material. Anode processes on platinum and NiO-Li₂O ceramics were studied in (80 mol.%) LiCl-(20mol.%)KCl and (80 mol.%)LiCl-(20 mol.%)KCl-Li₂O melts by cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolysis. Experiments performed in the LiCl-KCl melt without Li₂O illustrate that a Pt anode dissolution causes the Pt²⁺ ions formation at 3.14 V and 550℃ and at 3.04 V and 650℃. A two-stage Pt oxidation was observed in the melts with the Li₂O at 2.40 ÷ 2.43 V, which resulted in the Li₂PtO₃ formation. Oxygen current efficiency of the Pt anode at 2.8 V and 650℃ reached about 96%. The anode process on the NiO-Li₂O electrode in the LiCl-KCl melt without Li₂O proceeds at the potentials more positive than 3.1 V and results in the electrochemical decomposition of ceramic electrode to NiO and O₂. Oxygen current efficiency on NiO-Li₂O is close to 100%. The NiO-Li₂O ceramic anode demonstrated good electrochemical characteristics during the galvanostatic electrolysis at 0.25 A/cm² for 35 h and may be successfully used for pyrochemical treating of spent nuclear fuel.