• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

The ground station which operates the LEO satellite performs monitoring state of health of the satellite, sending the commands for the imaging mission of receiving the images during about 10 minutes of contact time. To finish the planned procedure in limited contact time, specific level of autonomy is applied in the satellite and the ground system. For example, the attitude and orbit control logic has high level of autonomy because it must be operated alone for long period without operator intervention. On the other hand, the fault management logic has relatively low level of autonomy because of that failure detection and safing operation are performed on-board, whereas failure identification and recovery are on-ground operation. The level of autonomy of the satellite affects also the ground operation. The command set for mission operation is generated by ground system. If the satellite has higher level of autonomy, some of operation currently done on-ground can be performed on-board, so the ground operation can be simplified. In this paper, we discuss the level of autonomy and propose a concept for improving the level of autonomy of an LEO satellite.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.404-414
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• 2016

Autonomy of unmanned systems is important because the unmanned system with high level of autonomy is able to perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. Evaluation of their autonomy is vital to realize the autonomous operation ability of unmanned system. Compared to the methods of evaluating the level of autonomy(LOA) for an unmanned ground vehicle(UGV) and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV), the method of expressing the LOA of unmanned maritime system(UMS) is not established yet. Since UMS has a unique characteristics in terms of operational area, mission complexity and required technologies, compared to the UGV and UAV, it is required to establish for expressing the LOA for UMS. This paper reviews the current approaches to assess the LOA of unmanned system and proposes potential metrics for UMS in order to determine the autonomy levels of UMS.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.301-318
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• 1997

This study was done to identify the professional autonomy of clinical nurses perceived by staff nurses and doctors. The subjects consisted of 410 nurses and 219 doctors who are working at 4 general hospital in Daegu and Pusan. The nurses were surveyed by means of July 7 to September 27, 1997. The results are as follows : 1. The score which the nurses perceived clinical nurses' professional autonomy is 159.05 points. This score means mid level of professinal autonomy. 2. The score which the doctors perceived clinical nurses' professional autonomy is 140.37 points. This score means mid level of professinal autonomy. 3. The extent of the perceived clinical nurses' professional autonomy between two groups was remarkably high in the nurses group(P=.000) 4. The relationship between general characteristics and the perception of professional autonomy by nurses showed a significant difference in regard to the age, the marital status, educatioal level, the period of nursing career and the state of position. The score of professional autonomy by age was highest 41 years old or more, while the lowest was for 26-30 years old(P=.008). The score of professional autonomy of a married nurse was higher than an unmarried(P=.003). The score of professional autonomy by the period of nursing career was highest 9 years or more, the lowest was for 3-6 years(P=.009), Also, the higher the educational level(P=.000) and the state of position(P=.049), the higher the score of professional autonomy. But there were no statistically significant difference in regard to the religion and the field of work. 5. The relationship between general characteristics and the perception of professional autonomy by doctors showed no statistically significant difference.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.191-202
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• 1996

This research applied an attachment theory to the study of three generations of women. Questionnaire and semistructured interview techniques were employed to collect the data on intergenerational mother-daughter relationships from 140 triads of adolescent daughters middle-aged mothers an old-aged grandmothers. The focus of the study had been on the characteristics of attachment patterns which is measured by sense of attachment and autonomy across and within generations and their effects on personal well-being. Women in each their three generations perceived a high and seminilar level of attachment across and within the generations. On the other hand the level of autonomy differed by the generations with middle-aged mothers showing a higher level of perceived sense of autonomy than other two generations. Although the levels of attachment and autonomy were related to psychological well-being the level of autonomy was slightly more related to it. The results also showed that not nly one's own attachment toward mother/daughter but attachment of others toward herself were associated with the personal well-being. Overall this study reflects and supports the basis concepts of mother-daughter attachment: its continuity reciprocity and personal development in adulthood.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2000

This study is to grope for a plan to increase nurse's autonomy by grasping autonomy degree according to nursing delivery system. The subject of this study are 265 nurses who work for 4 general hospitals in Seoul, and 73 of them work in primary nursing delivery system, 99 of them in team nursing delivery system and 93 of them in functional nursing delivery system. Data collection was done through questionaires from Sep. 1, 1997 to Sep. 30, 1997, and autonomy was measured by Professional Nursing Autonomy Scale developed by Schutzonhofer. Data analysis as inspected with $X^2$ test, ANOVA, and t-test, using SPSS program. The results are as follows : 1. When it comes to the autonomy of all the nurses, mean score was 161.99. Which is medium level, and autonomy degree according to nursing delivery system had no significant differences. 2. There was a significant difference in autonomy degree according to inservice education among the subject's work-related characteristics, and there was no significant difference in autonomy distribution in each grade according to general characteristics although older group, married group, and junior college graduates group showed rather higher trends. 3. Considering each item, questions related to direct nursing such as "Vital sign monitoring", "Nursing rounding", "Withhold contraindicated drug", showed high score in autonomy scores, and long-term and indirect nursing behaviors such as "Nursing administration", "Nursing research", "Follow-up care" and "Educational planning".

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-47
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• 2016

This research examines the effects of consumers' moderation and simplicity, autonomy, and income level on happiness, and based on this, classifies consumer types and examines the differences in consumer happiness and life happiness in accordance with this classification. The questionnaire survey was conducted on adults in their 20's through 60's. Moreover, hierarchical regression analysis, cluster analysis, and the analysis of variance were conducted. The results of this research are as follows. First, on consumer happiness, moderation and simplicity, income level, autonomy, education level, and gender had significant effects; on life happiness, moderation and simplicity, income level, autonomy, and education level had significant effects. Second, consumers were classified into three types according to moderation and simplicity, autonomy, and income level, and when making a comparison based on these factors between consumer happiness and life happiness, both consumer happiness and life happiness showed significant differences, but the detailed aspects were different. In the case of consumer happiness, non-autonomous moderation and simplicity type were reported to have the highest sense of happiness, followed by autonomous moderation and simplicity type, and passive moderation and simplicity type, but in the case of life happiness, autonomous moderation and simplicity type were reported to have the highest sense of happiness, followed by non-autonomous moderation and simplicity type, and passive moderation and simplicity type.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.274-281
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between level of professional autonomy and clinical decision making abilities in clinical nurses, and to provide basic information for promoting competency nurses in making independent decisions. Method: Data were collected from July 1 to July 18, 2008, and participants were 202 clinical nurses in general hospitals. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics: frequency and percentage and Pearson correlation coefficients with the SPSS WIN 14.0 program. Results: The professional autonomy index for the nurses was 159.63 points. The clinical decision making ability index was 119.79 points. The most highly ranked factor in clinical decision making was search for information and unbiased assimilation of new information. There was a statistically significant difference in professional autonomy according to age, clinical experience, and type of duty. Relation between level of professional autonomy and clinical decision making showed a positive correlation. Conclusion: As a results show a significant correlation between professional autonomy and clinical decision making in clinical nurses, improvement in professional autonomy of clinical nurses, would be promoted through continuous support and training.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigates the Autonomy and Job Satisfaction of the Nurses. The data was collected by distributing structured questionnaires to 317 nurses in 4 secondary hospitals located in Pusan, from July 1 to 31, 2010 and analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. The average autonomy level of nursing professionals was $135.30{\pm}8.04$ points. The average nurse's job satisfaction was $3.12{\pm}.35$ points. There was significant difference according to age, career and position in autonomy level of nursing professionals. There was significant difference according to age, marital status, career, position and monthly income in nurse's job satisfaction. The correlation between autonomy and job satisfaction of the nurses showed to be positively correlated at r = .426. Therefore, It is necessary to research into the methods to enhance the autonomy levels of nursing professionals and nurse's job satisfaction. It is necessary to develop education and policy programs for nurse's autonomy and nurse's job satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify correlation between sexual autonomy and self-efficacy and provide preliminary information for use in development of a sex education program for university students. Method: This study employed a descriptive research design. Data were collected from 357 university students. Subjects completed questionnaires on the following: demographics, sexual autonomy, and self-efficacy. Results: A total of 112 subjects (31.3.%) had experienced sexual intercourse and 126 subjects (35.3%) regarded it as an acceptable level of sexual behavior. The mean of sexual autonomy was 3.49 and significant differences were observed in gender, grade, department, and acceptable level of sexual behavior. The mean of self-efficacy was 4.08 and significant differences were observed in gender, department, and acceptable level of sexual behavior. In addition, significant correlation was observed between sexual autonomy and self-efficacy. Conclusion: Development of a sex education program for university students, which includes information on reinforcement of sexual autonomy and self-efficacy, is needed.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2018

The autonomous weapon systems are being developed with a global competition due to the 4th industrial revolution technologies such as artificial intelligence. This theses analyzes on the technologies related to the autonomy of the new weapons, the new changes in war fighting regime that will be brought by such autonomous weapons, the level of autonomy in a autonomous weapon system, and also the definition and functions of the autonomy. The advanced artificial intelligence for the civilian commercial sectors would be similar to the required military autonomous systems. The future war fighting regime would be the war with autonomous weapon systems without any human casualties. The level of autonomy in the future weapons would be fully autonomous without any human supervision or involvement in the decision making processes. The functions of the autonomous weapon would be to sense, to decide, and to act with a full autonomy in order to accomplish desired purposes.