• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.614-628
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• 2019

Objective: The inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRBs) play an important role in innate immunity. The present study represents the first description of the cloning and structural and functional analysis of LILRB1 and LILRB3 isolated from two genetically disparate chicken lines. Methods: Chicken LILRB1-3 genes were identified by bioinformatics approach. Expression studies were performed by transfection, quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Signal transduction was analyzed by western blots, immunoprecipitation and flow cytometric. Cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Amino acid homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the homologies of LILRB1 and LILRB3 in the chicken line 6.3 to those proteins in the chicken line 7.2 ranged between 97%-99%, while homologies between chicken and mammal proteins ranged between 13%-19%, and 13%-69%, respectively. Our findings indicate that LILRB1 and LILRB3 subdivided into two groups based on the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) present in the transmembrane domain. Chicken line 6.3 has two ITIM motifs of the sequence LxYxxL and SxYxxV while line 7.2 has two ITIM motifs of the sequences LxYxxL and LxYxxV. These motifs bind to SHP-2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11) that plays a regulatory role in immune functions. Moreover, our data indicate that LILRB1 and LILRB3 associated with and activated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and ${\beta}2-microglobulin$ and induced the expression of transporters associated with antigen processing, which are essential for MHC class I antigen presentation. This suggests that LILRB1 and LILRB3 are transcriptional regulators, modulating the expression of components in the MHC class I pathway and thereby regulating immune responses. Furthermore, LILRB1 and LILRB3 activated Janus kinase2/tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2/TYK2); signal transducer and activator of transcription1/3 (STAT1/3), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 genes expressed in Macrophage (HD11) cells, which induced Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines. Conclusion: These data indicate that LILRB1 and LILRB3 are innate immune receptors associated with SHP-2, MHC class I, ${\beta}2-microglobulin$, and they activate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway. Thus, our study provides novel insights into the regulation of immunity and immunopathology.

• Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.233-237
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• 2018

Background: Obesity is a complex, medical condition causally contributing to many chronic diseases and a number of efforts have been made to find the associated markers for novel prevention and treatment of obesity. Our study was to evaluate the relationship between gut immune response and obesity and overweight with use of fecal calprotectin (FC) both in adult and children groups. Methods: Fecal samples were obtained from 74 subjects: 14 non-obese and overweight children (PN), 13 obese and overweight children (PO), 20 non-obese and overweight adults (AN), and 27 obese and overweight adults (AO). FC was measured using a commercial Legend Max quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BioLegend). Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Median FC concentration was $7.9{\mu}g/g$ (range, $1.9-28.9{\mu}g/g$) for PN, $5.0{\mu}g/g$ (range, $2.6-29.6{\mu}g/g$) for PO, $9.5{\mu}g/g$ (range, $0.8-28.9{\mu}g/g$) for AN, and $10.0{\mu}g/g$ (range, $1.6-25.6{\mu}g/g$) for AO, respectively. In both adults and children age groups, the FC showed no statistically significant difference between AO and AN or PO and PN. However, FC showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between AO and PO while not significant between AN and PN. Conclusion: FC level in AO was significantly higher than that in PO, suggestive of different pathophysiologic mechanism between children obesity and adults obesity.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.396-405
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• 2022

Purpose: This study evaluated the predictive role of fecal calprotectin (FC) measured at an early stage of treatment for monitoring clinical remission (CR) after six months and endoscopic remission (ER) after one year of treatment in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). Methods: This retrospective study included 45 patients who simultaneously underwent ileocolonoscopy and FC testing during follow-up. FC levels were measured before and after six weeks of treatment. CR was assessed after six months of treatment using Pediatric Crohn' s Disease Activity Index and acute-phase reactants. ER was assessed after one year using the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease. Results: Twenty-nine (64.4%) patients used oral prednisolone for remission induction and 16 (35.6%) patients used anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Thirty (66.7%) patients achieved CR, while 24 (53.3%) achieved ER. The FC level measured after six weeks of treatment could predict CR (χ²=9.15, p=0.0025) and ER (χ²=12.31, p=0.0004). The δFC could predict CR (χ²=7.91, p=0.0049), but not ER (χ²=1.85, p=0.1738). With a threshold of ≤950.4 ㎍/g, FC at week six could predict CR with 76.7% sensitivity and 73.3% specificity. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.769 (standard error 0.0773, p=0.0005). The same threshold predicted ER with 87.5% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity. The AUC was 0.774 (standard error 0.074, p=0.0002). Conclusion: FC assay at an early stage of treatment can be used as a surrogate marker to predict CR and mucosal healing in pediatric CD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1214-1222
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• 1998

연구배경 : Plasminogen activator inhibitor-l(PAI-1) 항원은 섬유소 용해에 관여하는 tissue type plasmingen activator(t-PA)를 억제하여 흉막액에 존재하는 섬유소가 용해되는 것을 억제하며 결국 흉막액의 응고를 촉진하게되며 패혈증 환자의 혈장에서 PAI-1 항원과 관계된 섬유소 용해능의 활성용 업종의 정도와 관계가 알려져 있슴으로 본 연구에서 흉막액내 염증 정도와 흉막액의 섬유소 용해 및 응고농 간의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 첫 흉막천자 후 얻어지는 검체와 검사 당일 환자의 혈액 3.8% citrate tube에 모은 후 즉시 2,000 rpm에서 30분간 원심 분리하였고 상층액을 분리하여 검사할 때까지 영하 $20^{\circ}C$에 보관하였다. 흉막액내 염증을 나타내는 지표로 흉막액의 포도당, LDH, pH, 총 단백질을, 염증세포의 침윤 정도를 나타내는 지표로 다형핵 백혈구, 림프구 및 총 백혈구를 측정하였고 혈액의 염증을 나타내는 지표로 호중구, 피브리노겐을 측정하였다. 흉막액의 섬유소 용해 및 응고능을 측정하기 위하여 D-dimer, PAI-1 항원, 트롬빈-항트롬빈 III 복합체를 측정하였으며 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 대상환자는 30예 이었고 평균 연령은 51.4세 이었다. 흉막액의 원인 질환으로는 결핵성 흉막액 : 14예, 악성 흉막액 : 10예, 부폐렴성 흉막액 : 6예 이었다. D-dimer, PAI-1 항원, 트롬빈-항트롬빈 III 복합체는 흉막액에서 혈장치 보다 의의있게 높았으며 혈장치와 유의한 상관관계는 없었다. 혈장 PAI-1 항원과 트롬빈-항트롬빈 III 복합체는 원인질환 간에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 흉막액의 D-dimer와 트롬빈-항트롬빈 III 복합체는 원인에 따른 차이가 없었으나 흉막액 PAI-1 항원은 결핵성 흉막액에서 악성 및 부폐렴성 흉막액 보다 의의있게 높았다. 흉막액 염증의 경중에 따른 D-dimer(p=0.85), PAI-1 항원 (p=0.35) 및 트롬빈-항트롬빈 III 복합체(p=0.66)의 차이는 없었다. 흉막액 다형핵 백혈구, 림프구 및 총 백혈구수와 흉막액 트롬빈-항트롬빈 III 복합체는 부분적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결 론 : 흉막 염증시 PAI-1 항원의 국소적 생성 가능성이 높았으며, 흉막액 염증 정도와 흉막액 D-dimer, PAI-1 항원 및 트롬빈 항트롬빈 III 복합체의 농도는 차이를 보이지 않았으며 흉막 염증시 흉막내로 유입된 염증 세포는 PAI-1 항원과는 무관하게 섬유소 용해 및 응고 과정에 관여한다고 생각된다. 흉막액 D-dimer와 흉막액 PAI-1 항원은 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않아 이는 PAI-1 항원 이외의 다른 요인이 섬유소 용해 및 응고에 관여하고 있음을 암시하여주는 소견으로 생각된다.