• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2007

목 적: 본 연구에서는 소아 비만 환자에서 발생하는 비알코올성 지방간 질환의 발병에 TNF-${\alpha}$, adiponectin, leptin 등의 adipokine들이 미치는 영향을 알아보며, 이들 adipokine과 체지방분포 및 인슐린 저항성과의 연관성을 함께 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2004년 3월에서 2005년 6월까지 분당서울대병원 소아과에 내원한 비만한 소아 61명을 대상으로 하여 비알코올성 지방간 질환의 상태에 따라 대상 환자들을 지방간 질환이 없는 소아 비만 환자(n=23), 단순 지방간(n=20), 그리고 비알코올성 지방간염(n=18)의 세군으로 나누고, 각 환자에서 혈중 TNF-${\alpha}$, leptin, adiponectin 농도를 측정하고 인슐린 저항성의 지표로서 HOMA-IR을 계산하였으며 복부 전산화단층촬영에서 VSR (visceral-subcutaneous fat ratio)을 산출하였다. 결 과: 총 61명(남 : 여=42 : 19, 평균 연령 11.2${\pm}$1.3세)의 환아를 대상으로 지방간 질환에 따라 세 군으로 나누었을 때, 세 군 간의 성별, 연령별 차이는 없었다(p=0.422, p=0.119). 각 군의 혈중 TNF-${\alpha}$ 농도는 유의한 차이가 없었고(22.13${\pm}$6.37 vs. 21.35${\pm}$6.95 vs. 25.17${\pm}$9.30; p=0.342), leptin 농도에도 유의한 차이가 없었으나 (20.29${\pm}$8.57 vs. 16.42${\pm}$6.85 vs. 20.10${\pm}$7.86; p=0.330), adiponectin은 유의한 차이를 보여 비알코올성 지방간염에서 혈중농도가 의미 있게 감소하였다 (6.08${\pm}$1.38 vs. 5.69${\pm}$0.79 vs. 4.93${\pm}$1.75; p=0.026). 복부 전산화단층 촬영에서 산출한 VSR도 지방간염군에서 유의하게 증가된 소견을 보였다(0.31${\pm}$0.08 vs. 0.32${\pm}$0.11 vs. 0.47${\pm}$0.14; p=0.001). HOMA-IR도 세 군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(4.77${\pm}$3.67 vs. 6.89${\pm}$7.05 vs. 10.42${\pm}$6.73; p=0.000). 그러나 adiponectin과 HOMA-IR 또는 VSR간에 유의한 상관관계는 보이지 않았다(r=-0.117; p=0.450 & r=-0.106; p=0.499). 결 론: 인슐린 저항성은 비만한 소아에서 간 내 지방 축적과 지방간염으로의 진행과정에 모두 영향을 미칠 것으로 추정되며, 비만한 소아의 지방조직에서 분비되는 adipokine 중에서 adiponectin이 단순지방간에서 지방간염으로의 이행하는 기전에 관여할 것으로 여겨진다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2016

본 연구는 고지방식이와 쑥추출물이 흰쥐의 지질대사, 인슐린저항성, 아디포카인 분비에 미치는 효과를 측정하였다. 고지방식이에 의해 부고환지방과 복막후강지방의 축적이 증가되었고, 그 결과 혈장 항염증성 아디포카인은 감소하고 염증성 아디포카인은 증가하여 아디포넥틴/렙틴 및 아디포넥틴/PAI-1 비가 저하되는 불균형을 초래하였다. 내장지방 축적과 관련된 아디포카인의 불균형은 TG, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C를 증가시키고 HOMA-IR의 증가를 유발한 것으로 추정된다. 이에 비해 쑥 에탄올추출물의 첨가는 부고환지방과 복막후강지방의 축적을 완화함으로써 PAI-1과 렙틴을 감소시켜 아디포넥틴/렙틴 및 아디포넥틴/PAI-1 비의 저하를 억제하고 아디포카인의 균형을 상대적으로 유지하였으며, TG, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C 및 HOMA-IR 수치가 감소하였다. 따라서 쑥 에탄올추출물은 내장지방 축적을 억제하고 아디포카인의 분비, 특히 염증성물질인 렙틴과 PAI-1의 분비를 저하시켜 아디포카인의 균형을 조절함으로써 지질대사 및 인슐린저항성을 개선하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2012

Objectives : Obesity is an important cause of diabetes, and lipotoxicity causes insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on high fat diet-induced obese type 2 diabetic mouse models. Methods : Diabetes was induced in ICR male mouse (23~25 g) with Surwit's high fat, high sucrose diet. Mice were divided into 4 groups (n=10) of normal, control, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and metformin. After 8 weeks, body weight, OGTT, fructosamine, lipid profile, serum level of adiponectin and leptin, epididymal fat pad, liver weight and epididymal adipocyte size were measured. Results : Salvia miltiorrhiza significantly reduced oral glucose tolerance levels, fructosamine serum level, epididymal fat weight, and epididymal adipocyte size. Salvia miltiorrhiza also increased HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin and leptin serum levels. Conclusions : These results show that Salvia miltiorrhiza improves insulin resistance. Therefore we suggest that Salvia miltiorrhiza would be an effective treatment for obese type 2 diabetic patients.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2015

본 연구는 당뇨병의 예방과 관리를 위한 청국장의 가치를 평가하고자 대두, 약콩, 및 흑미, 흑임자, 다시마와 같은 블랙푸드를 첨가한 약콩청국장 분말의 섭취가 STZ 유도 당뇨 쥐의 혈당 및 염증 관련 인자에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그 결과 당뇨로 증가된 혈당은 약콩청국장 분말 45.5% 및 블랙푸드를 첨가하여 만든 약콩청국장 분말 50.0%을 섭취시킨 DY와 DYB군에서 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 정상군에 비해서 당뇨군에서 인슐린 농도와 분비능은 낮은 반면에, 인슐린 저항성은 높았다. 그러나 약콩청국장 분말 45.5%과 블랙푸드를 첨가한 약콩청국장 분말 50.0%의 공급으로 인슐린 농도와 분비능을 다소 개선시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 유리지방산 농도는 C군에 비해서 DC군에서 높았으며, 당뇨 유도로 높아진 유리지방산은 대두청국장 분말 55.0%의 공급으로 조절되는 것으로 나타났다. 염증 지표로 leptin의 농도는 C군에 비해서 인슐린 분비량이 낮은 당뇨를 유도한 모든 군에서 leptin의 농도가 낮았으며 청국장 분말의 공급 유무나 형태가 당뇨 유도군의 leptin 분비에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 또 다른 지표로 adiponectin의 농도는 C군에 비해 당뇨 유도군들에서 낮았으며, 청국장 분말의 공급 유무 및 형태에 따른 효과는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 혈당 농도와 관련된 인자와의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 HOME-IR과 adiponectin 농도와는 양의 상관관계를, 그리고 인슐린 농도는 HOME-${\beta}$ 및 leptin 농도와 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 인슐린 농도는 leptin 농도와 양의 상관관계를, 그리고 adiponectin 농도와는 음의 상관관계인 것으로 나타났으며 leptin과 adiponectin 농도는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 당뇨 유도로 혈당과 인슐린 저항성은 높고 인슐린 분비능, leptin 및 adiponectin 농도는 낮았다, 그러나 혈당과 인슐린저항성 및 분비능은 44.5%의 약콩이나 50.0%의 블랙푸드를 첨가한 약콩청국장 분말 식이의 공급으로 다소 조절되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 약콩 및 블랙푸드를 첨가한 약콩청국장이 향후 당뇨 환자의 관리와 합병증 예방을 위한 건강 기능성 식품으로서 가치가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.751-763
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• 2018

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate how magnolia bark extract affects ob/ob mouse in terms of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Methods: Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were divided into 2 groups (n=5): a normal saline treatment (=control) and magnolia bark treatment. Wild type mice were the lean group (n=5). After 5 weeks, we measured fasting blood sugar (FBS) and conducted oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in each group. After 6 weeks, we measured body weight, epididymal fat pad weight, liver weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interferon-${\gamma}$, and interleukin-6. We characterized the phenotype of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and analyzed fractions of the phenotype in each group by flow cytometry. Results: In the magnolia bark group, fasting blood sugar, oral glucose tolerance levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly decreased. The population and proportion of ATMs among leukocytes in adipose tissue were significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. The population and proportion of M1 type ATMs among ATMs were significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ was significantly decreased in the magnolia bark group. Conclusions: These results support a positive effect of magnolia bark on metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and metabolic inflammation in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.73-76
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• 2012

More and more children are becoming obese and overweight due to several factors that include a high energy density in the diet (a high fat intake) and low energy expenditure. Consequently childhood obesity is becoming a significant health problem. Fat tissue releases many cytokines such as resistin, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, leptin, interleukin-6. These adipocytokines induce obesity-related insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a key component of obesity-related metabolic problems such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, acanthosis nigricans and polycystic ovarian syndrome. This review article focused on insulin resistance and its related metabolic diseases.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1044-1053
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• 2015

This study first investigated the effects of corn gluten hydrolysate (CGH) (1.5 g/day) administration for 7 days on appetite-responsive genes in lean Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In a second set of experiments, the metabolic changes occurring at multiple time points over 8 weeks in response to CGH (35.33% wt/wt) were observed in high-fat (HF, 60% of energy as fat) diet-fed SD rats. In lean rats, the hypothalamus neuropeptide-Y and proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels of the CGH group were significantly changed in response to CGH administration. In the second part of the study, CGH treatment was found to reduce body weight and perirenal and epididymal fat weight. CGH also prevented an increase in food intake at 2 weeks and lowered plasma leptin and insulin levels in comparison with the HF group. This reduction in the plasma and hepatic lipid levels was followed by improved insulin resistance, and the beneficial metabolic effects of CGH were also partly related to increases in plasma adiponectin levels. The Homeostasis Model of Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), an index of insulin resistance, was markedly improved in the HF-CGH group compared with the HF group at 6 weeks. According to the microarray results, adipose tissue mRNA expression related to G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway and sensory perception was significantly improved after 8 weeks of CGH administration. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that dietary CGH may be effective for improving hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese rats as well as appetite control in lean rats.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.126-137
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• 2005

New insights in the complex metabolic pathways and its control mechanism for energy homeostasis have refined our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity. It is now recognized that there are several additional regulatory mechanism such as peripheral signals including leptin, ghrelin, GLP-1 and PYY and cellular signals including uncoupling proteins and ${\beta}$ Adrenergic receptors, which contribute to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure, respectively. In addition, the function of adipocyte as an endocrine organ in energy homeostasis has been recently emphasized. Recent findings suggest that elevated levels of adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin and TNF-${\alpha}$, in addition to increased free fatty acid level could be related to the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in obesity. For effective treatments and prevention of obesity, further studies on the circuits of neural and endocrine interactions in the regulation of energy homeostasis are needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.437-445
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• 2003

As obesity is known to be related to hyperlipidemia, insulin and leptin resistance, and other chronic diseases, much recent research has focused on functional food materials and their anti-obesity activity. This study was performed to study the effects of Artemisia Iwayomogi oligosaccharide AIPI on the anti-obesity function in normal rats and diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. F344 male rats were divided into four groups: Normal-control (CONT), normal-AIPI, DIO-CONT and DIO-AIPI. The groups were provided with water (in the CONT groups) or another drink for 4 weeks. The final body weights of rats in the DIO-AIPI group were lower than those in the CONT group. Abdominal adipose tissue weight per kg of body weight in the DIO-AIPI group was significantly lower than that in the DIO-CONT group. Also, the final levels of serum-triglyceride, serum-total cholesterol and serum-low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the DIO-AIPI group were lower than those in the DIO-CONT group. Moreover, the serum-high density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the normal-AIPI group was significantly higher than that in the normal-CONT group. Finally, the serum-leptin concentration was significantly lower in the DIO-AIPI group. Total lipid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol contents in the feces of the DIO-AIPI group were as high as 142％, 199％, and 165% of the respective values of the DIO-CONT GROUP. These results indicate that orally administered Artemisia Iwayomogi oligosaccharide not only has hypotriglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects, but also has the effect of reducing the body weight and the abdominal adipose tissue weights obese rats. Therefore, we expect that Artemisia Iwayomogi oligosaccharide AIPI may have an anti-obesity function in F344 diet-induced obese rats. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 437∼445, 2003)

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.257-269
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• 2009

Objective : Obesity is an important cause of diabetes, and lipotoxicity causes insulin resistance. Recently a lot of research is being done on PPAR-${\alpha}$. TNF-${\alpha}$. adiponectin, and leptin, which are important obesity related factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of Supungsunki-hwan on high fat. high carbohydrate diet-induced obese type 2 diabetic mouse models. Methods: Diabetes was induced in ICR male mouse (30${\pm}$5g) with Surwit's high fat, high sucrose diet. Mice were divided into 4 groups(n=10) of Normal. Control. Supungsunkj-hwan group. and acarbose group. The Supungsunki-hwsn group was given 10% Supungsunkj-hwan in their diet. and the acarbose group was given 0.5% acarbose in their diet. After 6 weeks. body weight. food intake, FBS and OGTT. lipid profile and liver enzymes, epididymal fat weight, and gene expression of leptin, adiponectin, TNF-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\alpha}$ were measured. Leptin. adiponectin. tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-${\alpha}$ were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results : Supungsunkj-hwan increased the gene expression of PPAR-${\alpha}$, which reduces lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. Supungsunkj-hwan also significantly reduced triglyceride. AST. ALT serum levels. and 1 hour oral glucose tolerance levels. Conclusion : These results show that Supungsunkj-hwan improves insulin resistance in the liver and muscles, by reducing triglyceride levels and lipotoxicity through increased PPAR-${\alpha}$ gene expression. This is supported by the fact that Supungsunkj-hwan significantly reduces 1 hour oral glucose tolerance levels. Therefore we suggest that Supungsunkj-hwan would be an effective treatment for obese type 2 diabetic patients.