• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2014

Purpose: The present study was aimed to investigate the cleaning efficacy of multi-purpose solutions containing different types and content of surfactants and their effect on the visible light transmittance of soft lens. Methods: Soft lenses made of different materials (etafilcon A and hilafilcon B) were deposited tear proteins by using the artificial tear and then compared the resulting cleaning efficacy and visible light transmittance after cleaning the lens with 6 types of multi-purpose solutions containing different content of surfactants. Results: The cleaning efficacy of multi-purpose solutions was variously shown as approximately 23~43% according to the active concentration of surfactants and surface tension in multi-purpose solution when etafilcon A lens cleaned with rubbing. The highest cleaning efficacy was detected when cleaned with the multi-purpose solution containing hydrogen peroxide besides surfactant however, the amount of remaining protein was still high on the lens. After washed with multi-purpose solution, the visible light transmittance of lens was in 89.8 to 90.8%. The amount of protein deposited on hilafilcon B lens was very small compared with it on etafilcon A lens even though it was incubated in artificial tears for 7 days, which showed 5~10% of protein amount in etafilcon A lens and the decrease of visible light transmittance was also not significant. In case of rubbing with multi-purpose solution, the cleaning efficacy on hilafilcon B lens was in 45.4 to 67.4% however, the order of cleaning efficacy of multi-purpose solution was different from it on etafilcon A lens. The visible light transmittance of hilafilcon B lens has been restored to the level of new lens. Conclusions: From the result, it is concluded that the appropriate multi-purpose solution should be selected according to the lens material and the amount of protein deposit on the basis of understanding surfactants and active principle for proper care of protein deposit on soft lens and the cleaning with rubbing is more efficient for lens care regardless of manufacturer's guideline.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2012

Purpose: This article was to study the optical and surface properties of soft contact lenses (SCL) exposed to eye make-ups. Methods: Rates of the light transmission of etafilcon A (HEMA based hydrogel lens) and lotrafilcon B (silicone based hydrogel lens) exposed to four different cosmetics over time were investigated. After cleansed with multi-purpose solution (MPS), rates of the light transmission and surface change of lens that were exposed to the cosmetics for 7 consecutive days were analyzed. Results: Visible light transmissions of all lenses exposed to cosmetics decreased to 93.35% (HEMA based hydrogel lens) and 90% (silicone based hydrogel lens) compared with those of the fresh SCLs, such as 97.8% and 96.4%, respectively. It was found that cosmetic residues from powder eye shadow and mascara attached to the lenses were not removed completely when cleansed with MPS. Especially with silicone based hydrogel lens, we found a decrease in visible light transmission of the lens and noticeable particles on lens surface imaged by SEM. Conclusions: Depending on types of eye make-ups and contact lens materials, make-ups were not completely eliminated with current cleansing methods and that caused a decrease in optical property and a change in surface property of the lenses.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.373-378
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• 2014

To investigate the wear status of contact lenses by analyzing care of contact lenses container and actual condition of people wearing contact lenses and in Gyeonggido. The results were based on a questionnaire survey of 200 people who are the students of the middle school, the high school and the college among the clients of opticians to purchase contact lenses for six months from January 2013 to July 2013. According to the poll, the highest number of those polled, 139 (55.16%) people, said they were wearing cosmetic color contact lenses. Female respondents and male respondents were in the proportion of 177 (88.5%) to 23 (11.5%), respectively. 37 people (18.5%) who responded said "yes" to the question of them sharing contact lenses and glasses. 103 people (51.5%) answered "no" to the question of regularly replacing their lens containers. 148 people (74%) answered "yes" to the question of having glasses in order to investigate contact lens wearers user rate of glasses. The highest number of respondents, 127 people (63.5%), said "middle school" was the first time that they wore contacts. Meanwhile, 65 people (43.92%) said they initiated wearing glasses at 4th-6th grades. It is considered that it is necessary using proper contact lenses suitable for the clients' eye health in order of vision correction, rather than for cosmetic purposes. The role of the optician is considered to be very important for the proper management of the appropriate contact lens hygiene and regular optical check-ups of the contact lens wearers.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2006

The present study was conducted to examine the degree of variation in length-of-stay (LOS) among health care institutions participating in 17 diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) payment system and to find out hospital characteristics affecting the variation. Electronic medical claims data for treatments of severity classification '0' of 17 DRGs provided for two $years(2003{\sim}2004)$ were collected. For each DRG, the degree of variation in average LOS among health care institutions were analyzed using the random effect model. For DRGs showing significant differences in LOS, multiple regression analyses were performed to find out factors associated with LOS. Significant variations in LOS were observed 9 DRGs including unilateral/bilateral lens procedures, adult/child tonsilectomy, other anal procedures, bilateral adult/child herniorraphy, unilateral child herniorraphy, and hysterectomy, and hysterectomy using laparoscopic procedure. Among the 9 DRGs, five DRGs were selected to investigate the factors explaining for the variation. It was observed that the location of institution was significant predictors for all five DRGs. Within the same DRGs, LOS was significantly shorter among the institutions located in Seoul than those in other areas. As compared to clinics, hospitals and general hospitals/tertiary care institutions showed significantly longer LOS for DRGs of lens procedures, tonsilectomy, and other anal procedures. It is recommended that the institutions located in other than Seoul area benchmark the strategies of the institution in Seoul in efficiently managing LOS. Also, significant variation within the same severity classification such as other anal procedures implies the imminent need for improvement of patient classification system.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of contact lens wearing, management and awareness of eye health knowledge among female university students in Jeju area and to utilize the basic data for education and management of contact lens. Methods: Data for this study were collected from the 236 female university students in Jeju area who have a contact lens experience from May 1, 2016 to June 11, 2016. Results: We found the status of contact lens wearing and management of subjects and there were different correlations between discomfort and awareness of eye health knowledge among the subjects who have different characteristics. There were also correlations in discomfort, the average days of contact lens wear per week, initial wearing day and action when they have any discomfort in some contact lens wearers. Conclusions: We realized the status of contact lens wearing and management of female university students and it suggests appropriate contact care education and sustainable management system are need to be established for considering daily average wearing time, the type and material of contact lens wear and main discomfort and so on.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.19-28
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• 2008

Purpose: To understand symptoms and signs in soft contact lens wearers the authors evaluate the attribution of the tear test to the contact lens related symptoms and signs. Methods: Sixty-two healthy soft contact lens wearers (23.95${\pm}$4.38 years old, 18.60${\pm}$16.92 months of prior lens wear) were participated in this study. 3 kinds of tear test and McMonnies' questionnaire test were performed for the soft contact lens wearers and subjective symptoms and objective signs were graded using CCLRU scales during the study period. Results: In this surveys, we found ocular dryness, redness and tiredness are the most common frequent and severe symptoms in soft contact lens wearers. Frequency of the ocular dryness, redness and tiredness are associated with grittiness, burning sensation and foreign body sensation respectively, and severity of the photophobia, foreign body sensation are associated with unstable vision and grittiness and which are associated with score of McMonnies' Questionnaire. Conjunctival redness and limbal redness are major signs but those are not need to be clinical care and rarely occurred corneal and conjunctival staining which are associated with tear break-up-time statistically. Conclusions: Dryness, redness and tiredness are primary common symptoms in Korean soft contact lens wearers. The frequency of those symptoms are increased with the period of soft contact lens wear and those are associated with other symptoms but have no relationship with signs.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

This research investigated the effects of spherical and aspherical R.G.P lenses which was performed by optometrists in In-Cheon and Kyung-Gi region. This research survey included various questions such as the fitting status, after-care method, preliminary test. Results of the survey revealed that the optometriests sold the asperical and spherical lenses with a ratio of 7:3, respectively, and most of them did not cheked Topography, Fluorescein test by slit lamp biomicroscope, Tear Break up time test, Schirmer test and so on. And, with fitted R.G.P lenses symptoms like light odd-feeling, congestion, eye-stimulus, dimness and dryness were frequently reported. The purposes of this study are to search for the ideal fitting check of R.G.P lens and remind the most important preliminary test for contact lens fitting.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.13-18
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• 2002

This study conducts the soft contact lenses user's understanding and contentment of training while at the place of purchase. It is based on a questionnaire to the residents in and outside the Masan area, aged between ten to thirty, who have worn soft contact lenses. It examines the training of using contact lenses and lens-care products, the period of wearing lenses, exchanging lenses, sterilizing lenses, side effects of using lenses or the periodic examination, and the understanding and contentment of the users during the training. The results of the research are as below : First, the understanding of training of using lenses, using lens-care products, the period of wearing lenses, exchanging lenses was high, but it was low for the training of sterilizing lenses, side effects of wearing lenses or the periodic examination. Second, the contentment of training of using lenses, lens-care products, the period of wearing lenses, exchanging lenses was high, but low for the training of sterilizing lenses, side effects of wearing lenses or the periodic examination. Therefore, the trainer of the contact lenses must easily and sincerely explain sterilizing lenses, the side effects of using lenses and the periodic examination, cheek with the users, and provide guidelines so as to improve the understanding and the contentment of training of using contact lenses.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.482-487
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• 2016

Ultra-violet rays are very harmful to eye health care. The blocking of ultra-violet rays and a reduction of optical reflection in the visible light range, which is to increase the share of transmitted light, and avoid the formation of ghost images in imaging, are important for the applications of polymer eyeglasses lenses. In this study, the high-refractive index polymer lenses, n=1.67, were fabricated by injection-molded method with the xylene diisocyanate monomer, 2,3-bis-1-propanethiol monomer, and benzotriazol UV absorber (SEESORB 709) mixture. To reduce the reflection of the polymer lens surfaces, multi-layer anti-reflection (AR) coatings were coated for both sides of the polymer lens using an E-beam evaporation system. The optical properties of the UV blocking polymer lens were characterized using a UV-visible spectrometer. The material properties of the thin films, which were composed AR coating layers, refractive index, and surface roughness, were analyzed by ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. As a result, the fabricated polymer lens perfectly blocked ultra-violet rays below 395 nm with a blocking rate greater than 99%.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.233-242
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to compare the reduction of the dose radioactivity by CARE kV with that of the Bismuth shielding. First, CT was performed with transparent materials, including a Bismuth shielder which is a well-known material for decreasing the dose of radiation. Moreover, we have estimated and compared the affects of the reduction of dose on eye lens, thyroid, breast and genitals. These steps aim to compare reactions with and without the application of the Rando phantom with PLD as well as with CARE kV or not. As a result, during the Brain angio scan, the dose of CARE kV set inspection test methods showed the least dose. Depending on whether we use CARE kV, which showed the effect of dose reduction by 63%. During the Carotid angio scan, the dose was increased by 13% by how to set CARE kV+Bismuth. During the Cardiac angio scan, which showed the effect of dose reduction by 31% by how to set CARE kV+Bismuth. During the Lower extremity angio scan, the dose was measured least by how to set up the whole Bismuth. Compared with CARE kV set of test methods, which showed the effect of dose reduction by 9%.