• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1999

No comprehensive study of yield and quality losses of forage legumes harvested and cured in spring has been conducted in Korea, therefore, this experiment was carried out to gain information on yield and quality, losses of alfalfa(Medicgo sativa L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and red clover(Trifolium pratense L.) during field curing in spring(mid-May). Alfalfa was highest in dry matter content of 15% at harvest, while crimson clover and red clover had 12.4 and 11.5%, respectively. Species differences for the dry matter content were maintained and consistent trends were observed during the field curing. Alfalfa took seven days to reach dry matter content over 80%, while both crimson clover and red clover took eight days. Crimson clover and alfalfa tended to show a higher leaf-stem ratio than red clover based on dry matter, but red clover showed a higher leaf-stem ratio than alfalfa and crimson clover based on crude protein content. Losses in dry matter of alfalfa from leaf shattering were higher than crimson clover and red clover, and similar trends were detected losses in crude protein for three different legumes. Fresh legume forages averaged higher in clude protein(CP), total digestible nutrients(TDN), and relative feed value(RFV), while dry legume forages averaged lower in acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF). Results of the experiment indicate that hay curing in spring affects crude protein concentration more than ADF and NDF, and this is due, in part, to leaf shattering caused by field operations.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1989

This pot experiments were conducted to find out the optimal fertilization ratios of the N:S:P anions and K:Ca:Mg cations of major nutrients in an orchardgrass/ladino clover mixed sward. The optimum ratios in equivalent basis were computed by the Homes systematic variations technique. The soil samples were collected from the newly reclaimed soils, which are located on colluvial hilly area with a good consideration for the hilly pasture development. The results were summarized as follows; 1, the optimum fertilization ratios of major nutrients for the high yields by the forage species in a mixed sward were obtained (Table 4 in detail); N:S:P = 3:l: 1 and K:Ca:Mg = 1:l: 1 for grass and grass plus legume, and N:S:P = 1:6:43 and K:Ca:Mg = 1: 3: 1 for legume in general. 2. The yield increases from the systematic variations in this mixed sward were laid in following order; N > P >S-group and K >Mg >Ca-group for grass and grass plus legume, and P >S >N-group and Ca >Mg > K-group for legume. Especially, the yields were greatly increased at the N-group for grass, and at the Pand Ca-groups for legume. 3. Soil pH-value was descreased at the Sgroup, and somewhat increased at the Ca- and Mg-groups. The content of available $P_2O_5$, CEC and base saturation were greatest with the Ca-group. 4. At the N-group, the N-contents were highest and the P-contents were lowest in grass and grass plus legume, which resulted in the highest Ca/P ratio of 2.15 among the anion groups. Whereas the highest Ca/P ratio of 9.20 in legume was obtained at the Ca-group. Legume showed in general higher Ca/P ratio and lower K/(Ca+Mg) ratio than these in grass. 5 . There were differences in the effects of systematic variations of major nutrients on the dry matter yields and the mineral yields. The optimum fertilization ratios of anions and cations for the high mineral yields were obtained (Table E), which showed differences comparing with the ratios for the high dry matter yields. The antagonis between the cations K and Mg was known from the point of mineral yields of mixed forages.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.28-28
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• 1991

The investigation of the kinds and density of white grubs in relation to soil texture, forages, yearsafter pasture establishment, and management methods in pasture were surveyed in Livestock ExperimentStation, Suwon by digging 5 sites($100cm{\times}100cm$) in a month from April to October during 1985.The results obtained were summarized as follows; No difference was observed in white grub speciesdivesity in relation to soil texture, forages, years after pasture establishment, and management methodof pasture, but the abundance of each species was different from the environmental factors.1. On the soil texture; Miridiba kureana, Popillia uchidai, Holotrichia mmosa and Holotrichia diomphalia occurred in the clay loam field, whereas Anomala corpulenta and Anomala mfocuprea in the sandy loam. 2. On the forage; the density of all species except Popillia uchidai was higher in grass than legume. 3. On the years after pasture extablishment; both of the species diversity and abundance were increased 3 years after pasture establishment and maximized at the 5th year.4. On the management methods of pasture; species diversity and abundance were higher in meadows thanpastures.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 1991

The investigation of the kinds and density of white grubs in relation to soil texture, forages, years after pasture establishment, and management methods in pasture were surveyed in Livestock Experiment Station, Suwon by digging 5 sites($100cm{\times}100cm$) in a month from April to October during 1985. The results obtained were summarized as follows; No difference was observed in white grub species divesity in relation to soil texture, forages, years after pasture establishment, and management method of pasture, but the abundance of each species was different from the environmental factors.1. On the soil texture; Miridiba kureana, Popillia uchidai, Holotrichia mmosa and Holotrichia diomphalia occurred in the clay loam field, whereas Anomala corpulenta and Anomala mfocuprea in the sandy loam. 2. On the forage; the density of all species except Popillia uchidai was higher in grass than legume. 3. On the years after pasture extablishment; both of the species diversity and abundance were increased 3 years after pasture establishment and maximized at the 5th year.4. On the management methods of pasture; species diversity and abundance were higher in meadows than pastures.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.325-333
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• 1994

This study was undertaken at Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia as part of a larger forage genetic resource evaluation project. The experimental program consisted of a field experiment where grasses and legume species were grown in monocultures and the yield, N content and rumen bag digestibility using goats were measured. The field experiment was conducted from December 1985 to October 1986. Eight species of legumes (Desmodium heterophyllum cv. John-stone, Desmodium triflorum from Gowa, South Sulawesi, Arachis sp. from Maiwa, South Sulawesi, Clitoria ternalea CPI 50973, Macroptilium atropurpureum ev. Siratro, Neonotonia wightii cv. Tinaroo, Centrosema pubescens CPI 58575, Centrosema plumeri CPI 58568) were grown as monocultures. After establishment all plants were cut to a uniform height of 5 cm, and subsequent cuts were made on regrowth after 14, 28, 42, and 56 days (cycle 1). Cycle 2 commenced towards the end of the wet season and continued for 157 days into the dry season. The highest yielding legumes were C. ternatea in the wet season and Arachis sp. in the dry season. The mean rumen bag dry matter digestibility (RBDMD) of legumes of 67.6% for leaf material (averaged over all cycles and ages) was 7.6% higher than for stem material. The RBDMD of Arachis was significantly higher than all other species. The RBDMD of all legumes declined with age. Calculation of yield of digestible DM (yield $\times$ RBDMD) showed that Arachis sp. was the best legume. The combination of plant "quality" with yield measures is a valuable adjunct to routine agronomic survey procedures in plant evaluation programs. Arachis sp. appears to offer considerable promise and should be more widely evaluated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 1994

This study was undertaken at Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, as part of a larger forage genetic resource evaluation project. The experimental program consisted of a field experiment where grass and legume species were grown in monocultures and the dry matter yield, rumen bag digestibility (RBDMD) and N content of leaf and stem components were monitored in the wet and dry seasons. Eight species of grass (Brachiaria decwnbens cv. Basilisk. Panicum maximum cv. Riversdale, Urochloa pullulans CPI 41192, Imperata cylindrica from Maiwa, South Sulawesi, Digitaria milanjiana CPI 41193, Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Malopo, Heteropogon contorlus and Setaria sphacelata cv. Splenda) were studied. P. maximum was the highest yielding grass in the wet season and B. decumbens in the dry season. The highest RBDMD in the whole plants were U. pulluians, P. maximum, S. sphacelata and D. milanjiana after 2 weeks regrowth in cycle I and S. sphacelata, B. decumbens, D. milanjiana and C. ciliaris in cycle 2. When total digestible DM was calculated for the whole of cycle I, P. maximum, B. decumbens and S. sphacelata were superior, but B. decumbens produced over twice as much as the other species in the dry season (cycle 2). The leaf N concentration of all grasses exceeded 1.0% (6.25% crude protein) in the regrowth in cycle I but did not exceed 0.5% in the dry season regrowth (cycle 2).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.310-315
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• 2000

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants have been reported to contain water-soluble substances that are autotoxic as well as allelopathic. Laboratory experiment through a petri-dish assay with imbibed seeds was conducted to evaluate both autotoxic and allelopathic effects of alfalfa leaf extracts on the germination and early seedling growth of alfalfa, red clover, crested wheatgrass, and Russian wildrye. Alfalfa seed germination was delayed dependent on extract concentration, with no difference in final germination at 72 hours. Root growth of alfalfa was stimulated up to 14% above control at very low concentrations of both leaf and stem extracts of alfalfa and was significantly reduced at extract concentration of more than 0.5g dry tissue/L (${gL}_{-1}$). Leaf extracts were generally more autotoxic for root growth than were stem extracts. Hypocotyl growth was not affected by all the concentrations of both leaf and stem extracts. Root length of legumes was more sensitive to the autotoxic chemicals from leaf extracts than was germination or shoot length. Hypocotyl growth of two legume plants and plant height of two grasses were not influenced by extracts. Seed germination and root growth of legumes were more inhibited by aqueous extracts of alfalfa leaf than were those of grasses. This result indicates autotoxic effect of alfalfa leaf extracts seems to be greater than allelopathic effect.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.178-187
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• 1982

This pot experiment was undertaken to find out the optimum fertilization ratios of total anions to total cations, ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$, and the optimum application rates of total macro-nutrients in various soil conditions. Soil samples were collected from uncultivated mountains and hills where grassland development was under consideration. 1. The optimum application ratios of ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$ and the optimum application rates of total macro-nutrients for the high yields of mixed grass-clover sward in various grassland soils were computed by the Hom$\acute{e}$s systematic variation techniqu.e. 2. With respect to the optimum application ratios of ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$ in fertilization in a mixed grass-clover sward, the grass yield and botanical composition were distinctly proportional to ${\Sigma}A$ wheras the regume yield and botanical composition were proportional to ${\Sigma}C$. 3. The optimum fertilization rates of total macro-nutrients for the high legume yields were depended upon ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$ ratios. These optimum rates were in proportional to ${\Sigma}C$ ratios and were inversely proportional to ${\Sigma}A$ ratios. 4. The efficiencies of ${\Sigma}A$ and ${\Sigma}C$ in relation to the grass and grass plus legume yields were highest with the low ratios of each other and the low fertilization rates of total macronutrients. The ${\Sigma}A$ effieiency in the legume yield tended to be similar to that of ${\Sigma}A$ related to the grass yield noted above except Daegu soil. The ${\Sigma}C$ efficiency, however, was proportional to the ${\Sigma}C$ ratio, although that was varied with the fertilization rates of total macro-nutrients and with the kinds of soils. 5. The yield of mixed forages, yield component, and botanical composition in a mixed sward were greatly influenced by the ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$ ratios, the fertilization rates of total macronutrients, and the interactions of ratio and rate noted above. In addition, these effects were generally different and opposite according to grass and legume.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2014

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], an edible legume, has a high protein content in both its hay and grain, so it is often used as a supplement for other forages that have a deficient protein concentration. Therefore, this study investigated the forage quality and yield in the case of mixed planting of soybean and corn. The forage yield and quality were assessed for three cropping patterns: soybean mono planting, corn mono planting, and mixed planting of soybean and corn. For planting, this study used a forage corn cultivar, Kwangpyeongok, and three recombinant inbreed lines, W2, W4, and W11, selected from Glycine soja (PI483463)${\times}$G. max (Hutcheson). The mixed planting of soybean and corn produced a higher forage yield than the corn mono cropping. The crude protein and crude fat content were also increased with the mixed planting of soybean and corn when compared with the corn mono cropping. Some decrease of ADF and NDF, and increase for RFV in mixed planting of soybean and corn than corn mono cropping. Therefore, the results show that mixed planting of soybean and corn is an effective cropping system to improve the forage quality.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 1985

This field experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of three levels of inclination ($10^{\circ},\;20^{\circ},\;and\;30^{\circ}$) and four rates of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (0-0-0-, 14-10-10, 28-25-25, and 42-40-40kg/10a) on establishment, yield and quality, and botanical compositions of mixed grass-clover sward. This second part is concerned with the soil chemical properties, concentrations and uptake of mineral nutrients, and percent recovery and efficiency of NPK. The results obtained after a two-year experiment are summarized as follows: 1. The pH, exchangeable Mg and Na, and base saturation in the surface soils were decreased by increasing the grade of inclination, whereas organic matter and available $P_2O_5$ tended to be increased. However, the changes in the Ca content and equivalent ratio of $K\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ were not significant. The pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and base saturation were reduced by increasing the NPK rate, whereas available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable K, and equivalent ratio of $K\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ tended to be increased. 2. The concentrations of mineral nutrients in grasses and weeds were not significantly affected by increasing the grade of slope in hilly pasture, whereas the concentrations of N, K, and Mg in legume were the lowest with the steep slope, which seemed to be related to the low legume yield. The Mg concentrations of all forage species were below the critical level for good forage growth and likelihood of grass tetany. 3. The increase of NPK rate resulted in the increment of N, K and Na concentrations, and the decrease of Mg and Ca in grasses. The P concentration was increased with P application, but there were no differences in that among the P rates applied. It resulted also in a slight increase of K, and a decrease of Mg in legume, but the contents of N, Ca, and Na were not affected by that. On the other hand, it has not affected the mineral contents in weeds except a somewhat increase of N. The mixed forages showed a increase of N and K contents, a decrease of Ca and Mg, and a slight change in P and Na. 4. The percent recovery of N, P and K by mixed forages were greatly decreased by increasing the grade of inclination and NPK rate. They were high in the order; K>N>P. The efficiency of mixed NPK applications was decreased by that. The efficiency of mixed NPK fertilizers absorbed was slightly decreased by the increased rate of NPK, but it was not affected by the grade of inclination.