• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2002

The yield and quality of winter forage crops such as oats could increase by mixed sowing with a winter legume such as hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth). The purpose of this study was to improve the forage quality and productivity using Oat-Hairy vetch mixture in winter season for three years. The results of this experiments were summarized as follows. In mix seeding of oat and hairy vetch, the dry matter(DM) content of herbage was 15∼16% in fall-harvest and 19∼20% in spring-harvest. Crude protein(CP) content of hairy vetch was the highest as 30.1% and the mixture was higher than that of oat. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) content of hairy vetch was lower, but in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) and total dry matter digestibility(TDN) content was higher than that of oat. Although oat showed the low yield by 3.7∼4.4 DM t/ha, the Fall-seeded-Spring-harvest hairy vetch plot showed highly production by 9.5 DM t/ha. Crude protein and TDN yield of Fall-seeded-Spring-harvest plots were higher than those of others. According to this study, the highest dry matter yield could be obtained by Fall-seeded-Spring-harvest. It would be recommend in cropping field for oat.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 2024

It would be advantageous to grow legume forage crops in order to increase the productivity and sustainability of sloped croplands in Hamkyongbukdo. In particular, the identification of potential cultivation areas for alfalfa in the given region could aid decision-making on policies and management related to forage crop production in the future. This study aimed to analyze the climate suitability of alfalfa in Hamkyongbukdo under current and future climate conditions using the Fuzzy Union model. The climate suitability predicted by the Fuzzy Union model was compared with the actual alfalfa cultivation area in the northern United States. Climate data obtained from 11 global climate models were used as input data for calculation of climate suitability in the study region to examine the uncertainty of projections under future climate conditions. The area where the climate suitability index was greater than a threshold value (22.6) explained about 44% of the variation in actual alfalfa cultivation areas by state in the northern United States. The climatic suitability of alfalfa was projected to decrease in most areas of Hamkyongbukdo under future climate scenarios. The climatic suitability in Onseong and Gyeongwon County was analyzed to be over 88 in the current climate conditions. However, it was projected to decrease by about 66% in the given areas by the 2090s. Our study illustrated that the impact of climate change on suitable cultivation areas was highly variable when different climate data were used as inputs to the Fuzzy Union model. Still, the ensemble of the climate suitability projections for alfalfa was projected to decrease considerably due to summer depression in Hamkyongbukdo. It would be advantageous to predict suitable cultivation areas by adding soil conditions or to predict the climate suitability of other leguminous crops such as hairy vetch, which merits further studies.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 1993

With a purpose of finding out the effects of phosphatic fertilizer application at the grassland establishment and management on the dry matter yield and quality of grasses, a field experiment was arranged with four treatments as a randomized complcte block design and lasted from September, 19 89 to October, 1991 in hilly area near Suwon. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. As a early plant growth. winter hardiness. growth vigour and coverage of grasses of the plots with phosphatic fertilizer were better than those of the plots without $P_2O_5$. and the effect of application at the management was much better than that at the establishment of grassland. 2. The effect of phosphatic fertilizer on DM yield of legume was higher than of grass. Total DM yield with phosphatic fertilizer at the only establishment (5.688 kg/ha). at the only management (8.014 kg/ha) and at both the establishment and management of grassland (1 1,082 kg/ha) was much more increased by 38, 95 and 169% than that without phosphatic fertilizer (4.1 19 kg/ha), respectively. 3. The chemical component of crude protein and crude fat with phosphatic fertilizer was a little higher, on the other hand, content of NFE was lower than that without $P_2O_5$ fertilization, but the contents of crude fiber and crude ash did not tend to differentiate between treatments. 4. Production of encrgy(TDN, StE and NEL) with phosphatic fertilization at the establishment and the management of grassland was appeared to increase by 34 to 390h and 72 to 99% than that without $P_2O_5$, respectively. Production of curde protein with $P_2O_5$ tended to be similar to production of energy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.371-375
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to evaluate the mottgrass alone and in combination with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at different intake levels to determine the lag time, rate and extent of digestion of DM and NDF of mottgrass. Four ruminally cannulated buffalo calves were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design with $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The two factors were forage intake levels (ad libitum versus restricted) and forage source (mottgrass versus mottgrass plus 25% berseem). Four dietary treatment consisted of 1) ad libitum mottgrass, 2) restricted feeding of mottgrass, 3) ad libitum mottgrass plus berseem with a ratio of 3:1 and 4) restricted mottgrass plus berseem in a ratio of 3:1 Calves fed ad libitum mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem consumed 25% more DM and 15 % more NDF than those fed mottgrass only. The in situ DM digestibility, the lag time and extent of digestion were not affected by intake level. However, rate of disappearance was greater in restricted fed animals than those fed ad libitum. This increased rate could be due to greater concentration of fibrolytic bacteria in restrict fed animals. The DM digestibility was greater (64.1%) in calves fed mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem than those fed mottgrass only (57.7%). The reduced mottgrass DM digestion may be due to its higher NDF contents. The NDF digestibility, the lag and extent of NDF digestion were not affected by varying intake levels. However, rate of digestion of NDF was higher in restricted fed animals than those of ad libitum fed animals. The NDF digestibility was greater (58.4%) in calves fed mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem than those fed mottgrass (48.7%) only.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1996

The dry matter (DM) disappearance and ruminal solubility of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in eight Philippine forages were studied. The forages were: paragrass (Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf), stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger), napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach), clopo (Calopogonium mucconoides Desv.), centrocema (Centrocema pubescens Benth.), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.) and sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. Nylon bags with samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h in rumen cannulated sheep. The 0-h bags were washed with deionized water. For the 0-h samples, 20.4, 17.2, 50.7, 52.2 and 80.1% of the DM, Ca, P, Mg and K was solubilized, respectively. At 3-h incubation period, DM disappearance was 10 percentage units higher than that of 0-h incubation whereas mineral disappearance increased by 43, 21, 30 and 13% for Ca, P, Mg and K, respectively. At 72-h incubation period, greater proportion of DM, Ca, especially in P, Mg and K was solubilized with a value of 73.8, 71.5, 85.6, 91.4 and 98.2%, respectively. The average particulate passage rate obtained in the present study was 1.9%/h where as the range of disappearance rates of various mineral elements were : 0.4 to 1.2%/h for Ca, 0.1 to 1.6%/h for P, 0.7 to 2%/h for Mg and 0.1 to 2%/h for K. The effective ruminal solubilization (ERS) of the macrominerals was calculated where particulate passage rate and disappearance rate of the various elements were included in the equation. The ERS of Ca, P, Mg and K was 50.0, 72.6, 83.9 and 94.5%, respectively. Species differences (p<0.05) on the various mineral solubilities were also observed. This study shows that ruminal solubility of macrominerals in selected Philippine forages is K > Mg > P > Ca.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2021

Ensiling is the most preferred technology to preserve the silage quality with high nutrients by the presence of lactic acid bacteria. In this study, lactic acid bacteria RJ1 and S22 were used to make the silages from different leguminous plants such as alfalfa, hairy vetch and red clover. Experimental groups were divided into control and LAB inoculated groups. LAB inoculated group; all legumes treated with a mixture of RJ1 and S22 and made an anaerobic condition for 45d. Without the addition of LAB considered the control group. The results showed that the lactic acid content was higher in all silages in response to LAB treatment and acetic acid content was slightly increased except red clover by LAB compared to control silages. A poor silage quality marker butyric acid was reduced all legume silages in response to LAB inoculation than control silages. The organic acid is closely associated with microbial population experimental silages. We noted that higher LAB and lower yeast were found in the silage in response to LAB treatment. The contents of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) were not altered significantly between control and LAB treated silages. Overall data suggested that the inclusion of additional LAB potentially enhance the silage quality and preserved the nutrients for long period.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 1985

This field experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of three levels of inclination ($10^{\circ},\;20^{\circ},\;and\;30^{\circ}$) and four rates of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (0-0-0-, 14-10-10, 28-25-25, and 42-40-40kg/10a) on establishment, yield and quality, and botanical compositions of mixed grass-clover sward. This second part is concerned with the soil chemical properties, concentrations and uptake of mineral nutrients, and percent recovery and efficiency of NPK. The results obtained after a two-year experiment are summarized as follows: 1. The pH, exchangeable Mg and Na, and base saturation in the surface soils were decreased by increasing the grade of inclination, whereas organic matter and available $P_2O_5$ tended to be increased. However, the changes in the Ca content and equivalent ratio of $K\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ were not significant. The pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and base saturation were reduced by increasing the NPK rate, whereas available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable K, and equivalent ratio of $K\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ tended to be increased. 2. The concentrations of mineral nutrients in grasses and weeds were not significantly affected by increasing the grade of slope in hilly pasture, whereas the concentrations of N, K, and Mg in legume were the lowest with the steep slope, which seemed to be related to the low legume yield. The Mg concentrations of all forage species were below the critical level for good forage growth and likelihood of grass tetany. 3. The increase of NPK rate resulted in the increment of N, K and Na concentrations, and the decrease of Mg and Ca in grasses. The P concentration was increased with P application, but there were no differences in that among the P rates applied. It resulted also in a slight increase of K, and a decrease of Mg in legume, but the contents of N, Ca, and Na were not affected by that. On the other hand, it has not affected the mineral contents in weeds except a somewhat increase of N. The mixed forages showed a increase of N and K contents, a decrease of Ca and Mg, and a slight change in P and Na. 4. The percent recovery of N, P and K by mixed forages were greatly decreased by increasing the grade of inclination and NPK rate. They were high in the order; K>N>P. The efficiency of mixed NPK applications was decreased by that. The efficiency of mixed NPK fertilizers absorbed was slightly decreased by the increased rate of NPK, but it was not affected by the grade of inclination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.611-615
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• 1992

Problems with maintaining service and equipment in some developing countries suggest that the rumen bag technique may be more appropriate for the determination of plant dry matter digestibility. The technique has been adapted for use in goats in the 16-25 kg liveweight range. Reliable results were obtained for animals maintained under shelter in cages and fed on a mixed legume/grass diet. The results showed that up to 7 bags containing dried and ground (2 mm screen) plant samples (1-3 g) could be satisfactorily used in each goat. The digestibility of the legumes studied did not increase with incubation times over 48 hours, but there was an increase in the digestibility of grasses. However an incubation time of 48 hours was adapted for both legumes and grasses as it allowed more efficient work scheduling for large numbers of samples while still giving acceptable comparisons between species. Losses of material from the bags during a 6 hour soaking in water were 2-9% as fine solids and 14-21% in solution. In the method finally adapted the disappearance was measured for plant samples that were placed in Dacron mesh bags ($7{\times}14cm$, 44 micron) and 6 bags suspended in the rumen of each sheep for 48 hours.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 1994

This study was undertaken at Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, as part of a larger forage genetic resource evaluation project. The experimental program consisted of a field experiment where grass and legume species were grown in monocultures and the dry matter yield, rumen bag digestibility (RBDMD) and N content of leaf and stem components were monitored in the wet and dry seasons. Eight species of grass (Brachiaria decwnbens cv. Basilisk. Panicum maximum cv. Riversdale, Urochloa pullulans CPI 41192, Imperata cylindrica from Maiwa, South Sulawesi, Digitaria milanjiana CPI 41193, Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Malopo, Heteropogon contorlus and Setaria sphacelata cv. Splenda) were studied. P. maximum was the highest yielding grass in the wet season and B. decumbens in the dry season. The highest RBDMD in the whole plants were U. pulluians, P. maximum, S. sphacelata and D. milanjiana after 2 weeks regrowth in cycle I and S. sphacelata, B. decumbens, D. milanjiana and C. ciliaris in cycle 2. When total digestible DM was calculated for the whole of cycle I, P. maximum, B. decumbens and S. sphacelata were superior, but B. decumbens produced over twice as much as the other species in the dry season (cycle 2). The leaf N concentration of all grasses exceeded 1.0% (6.25% crude protein) in the regrowth in cycle I but did not exceed 0.5% in the dry season regrowth (cycle 2).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 1986

To find out the optimum split application ratios of fertilizer nitrogen and potassium in the newly opened pasture at spring, a field experiment was conducted. Two levels of nitrogen and potassium application and three split application ratios of both fertilizer were treated by split design with 4 replications. The experiment was carried out from March, 1984 to October, 1985 on the experimental field of the Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon. The results obtained are summarized as follow: 1. Total DM yield was not showed signigicant difference among split application ratios of nitrogen and potassium. 2. DM yield of grasses was 4,854 kg/ha in heavy basal application of N and $K_2$O (160 kgN: 140 kg $K_2$O/ha), it was significantly increased by 16% than of conventional dressing (80 kg N: 70 kg $K_2$O/ha). But there was almost no difference in dry matter among N and $K_2$O split application ratios. 3. Dry matter yield of legume in heavy basal dressing was decreased by 23% than that of conventional dressing. In the methods of NK application, dry matter yield of legume was tended to decrease by 3% with equal application and 9% with heavy dressing in autumn, when compared with that of heavy dressing in spring. 4. There was no significant difference in dry matter yield of native species between different basic fertilization levels, but dry matter yield of native species was decreased by 6% with equal application and more increased by 11% with heavy dressing in autumn, when compared with the yield of heavy dressing in spring. 5. In aspect of the botanical composition, the percentage distribution of grasses was increased and the ratio of legume was greatly decreased by heavy dressing at basal fertilization. Also for good maintenance of botanical composition, it is suggested that the equal split application of N and $K_2$O was desirable.