• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1429-1437
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• 2003

Browse tree legume leaves from Acacia spp (A. nilotica, A. tortilis, A. polyacantha), Dichrostachys sp, Flagea villosa, Piliostigma thonningii, Harrisonia sp were evaluated for nutritive potential (chemical compositions and degradability characteristics) compared to Gliricidia sepium. Effect of tannins anti-nutritive activity on digestibility was also assessed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) tannin bioassay. Crude protein (CP), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) differed (p<0.05) between legume foliages. Mean CP, ash, NDF, ADF and ADL for fodder species tested were 158, 92, 385, 145, and 100 g/kg DM, respectively. CP ranged from 115 (P. thonningii) to 205 g/kg DM (G. sepium). Acacia spp had moderate CP values (g/kg DM) of 144 (A. nilotica), to high CP in A. tortilis (188) and A. polyacantha (194) comparable to G. sepium. The forages had relatively lower fiber compositions. A. nilotica had (p<0.05) lowest NDF, ADF and ADL (182, 68 and 44) compared to P. thonningii (619, 196 and 130) g/kg DM, respectively. Except G. sepium, all fodder species had detectable high phenolic and tannin contents greater than 5% DM, an upper beneficial level in animal feeding and nutrition. Mean total phenolics (TP), total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) (or proanthocyanidins) for fodder species tested were 139, 113 and 43 mg/g DM, respectively. F. villosa had (p<0.05) lowest TP and TT of 65 and 56 mg/g DM, respectively, compared to A. nilotica (237 and 236 mg/g DM, respectively). The CT varied (p<0.05) from 6 (F. villosa) to 74 mg/g DM (Dichrostachys sp). In vitro organic matter (OM) degradability (OMD) differed (p<0.05) between fodder species. G. sepium had (p<0.05) high degradability potential compared to A. polyacantha that had (p<0.05) the lowest OMD values. Forage degradability ranked: G. sepium>A. nilotica>P. thonningi>F. villosa>Dichrostachys sp>A. tortilis>A. polyacantha. Addition of PEG resulted to (p<0.05) improvement in in vitro OM digestibility (IVD). Increase in IVD was mainly due to binding action of PEG on tannins; and represents potential nutritive values previously depressed by tannins anti-nutritive activity. Browse fodder has potential as sources of ruminal nitrogen especially for ruminants consuming low quality roughages due to high protein, lower fiber compositions and high potential digestibility. However, utilization of browse supplements in ruminants is hampered by high phenolic and tannin contents. Deactivation of tannin anti-nutritive activity, possibly by feeding tanniniferous browse with other readily available nitrogen sources to dilute tannin anti-nutritive activity could improve utilization of browse fodder supplements. Further studies are needed to assess browse fodder palatability and intake, and their effect on growth performance in ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.708-714
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• 1999

Fermentation of legume fodder tree leaves by rumen microorganisms was evaluated. The substrates were sun-dried, ground leaves. Gas and volatile fatty acid (VFAs) production were estimated. Using gas production as an index of fermentation at 12 h, the leaves tested ranked as follows; Chamaecytisus palmensis>Gliricidia sepium>Sebania sesban>Tephrosia bracteolate>Leucaena pallida>Vernonia amygdalina>Acacia sieberiana>Sesbania goetzei>Acacia angustissima. Using VFA production, the ranking was a follows; G. sepium>S. sesban>S. goetzei>L. pallida>C. palmensis/V. amygdalina>T. bracteolate> A. sieberiana>A. angustissima. Absolute gas or VFA production rates, were also used to rank the leaves. Extracts (70% acetone) of A. angustissima inhibited the growth of Ruminococcus albus 8, R. flavefaciens FD-1, Prevotella ruminicola D3ID and Streptococcus bovis JBI while the trowth of Selenomonas ruminantium D was depressed when 0.6 ml exracts were added. C. palmensis water extracts enhanced cellulose hydrolysis by R. flavefaciens FD-1. All extracts reduced celluloysis by R. albus 8. R. flavefaciens FD-1 hydrolyzed more (p<0.001) cellulose than R. albus 8.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of replacing a conventional concentrate with mixed cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage and legume (Phaseolus calcaratus) foliage. In Exp. 1, three rumen fistulated crossbred cows were used for in sacco rumen degradability studies. In vitro gas production was also studied. In Exp. 2, 11 crossbred F2 heifers (Red Sindhi$\times$Holstein Friesian), with initial live weight of $129{\pm}6kg$ and aged six months, were allocated in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to evaluate a mixture (ratio 3:1) of cassava and legume foliage (CA-LE feed) as a protein source compared to a traditional concentrate feed (Control) in diets based on fresh elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and urea treated rice straw ad libitum. The Control feed was replaced by the CA-LE feed at levels of 0% (Control), 40% (CA-LE40), and 60% (CA-LE60) based on dry matter (DM). The in sacco degradation of CA-LE feed was higher than Control feed (p<0.05). After 48 h incubation the degradation of CA-LE feed and Control feed was 73% vs. 58% of DM and 83% vs. 65% of CP, respectively. The gas production of CA-LE feed was also significantly higher than of Control feed during the first 12 h of incubation. The results of the performance study (Exp. 2) showed that the level of CA-LE feed in the concentrate had no effect on total dry matter intake (p>0.05), but live weight gains (LWG) in CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 were significantly higher (551 and 609 g/d, respectively) than in the Control group (281 g/d). The intake of CP was higher (p<0.05) for the treatments CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 (556 and 590 g/d, respectively) compared to that of Control (458 g/d), while there was no significant difference in ME intake. The feed conversion ratio was 16.8, 9.0 and 7.9 kg DM/kg LWG in Control, CA-LE40 and CA-LE60, respectively. The feed cost of CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 corresponded to 43% and 35%, respectively, of the feed cost of Control feed. The best results were found when CA-LE feed replaced 60% of DM in Control feed and considerably decreased feed cost. It is concluded that feeding cassava foliage in combination with Phaseolus calcaratus legume as a protein supplement could be a potentially valuable strategy which leads to reduced feed costs and a more sustainable system in smallholder dairy production in Vietnam.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.525-537
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• 2016

본 연구는 유기조사료를 효율적으로 생산하기 위해 대표적인 동계 사료작물인 청보리에 콩과 사료작물(헤어리베치와 사료용 완두)의 혼파와 발효우분을 시용하여 생산성과 사료가치를 평가하고, 토양의 지력 향상과 가축분뇨의 자원화를 위한 발효우분의 적정 시용수준을 구명하여 단위면적당 유기한우 사육능력을 추정하고자 2012~2015년에 실시하였다. 콩과 사료작물의 혼파에 따른 3년 평균 청보리의 건물, 조단백질 및 TDN 수량은 5.55~5.82, 0.49~0.52 및 3.51~3.72 톤/ha으로 단파로 재배했을 경우의 4.44, 0.36 및 2.92톤/ha 보다 유의하게 증가하였으나 혼파구 간에는 차이가 없었고, 발효우분의 질소시용량이 증가함에 따라 무비구에 비해 이들 생산량이 증가하였으며 평균 ha 당 100 kg/ha 이상의 질소시용 시에 무비구보다 유의한 증가를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 청보리의 3년 평균 조단백질 함량, ADF 함량 및 상대 조사료가치(RFV) 등은 단파구(각각 7.89%, 29.71% 및 104.89)보다 콩과 사료작물의 혼파구(각각 8.81~9.02%, 31.71~32.69% 및 105.44~108.83)에서 유의하게 높게 나타났고 NDF와 TDN 함량은 콩과 사료작물의 혼파구가 반대로 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 콩과 사료작물의 혼파에 따른 청보리의 조단백질과 TDN 함량에 유기한우 사육능력(체중 450 kg, 400 g 일당증체 목표)은 2.15~3.66과 2.13~3.39두(평균 2.14~3.54두)로 단파구의 각각 1.93~2.79와 2.18~2.91두(평균 2.06~2.85두)보다 높은 사육능력을 보였으며 이러한 경향은 우분 질소 시용수준이 증가됨에 따라 더욱 뚜렷하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 청보리를 재배 시에 콩과 사료작물을 혼파함으로써 단파재배 보다 발효우분의 질소시용수준을 ha 당 50 kg 이상 줄이면서도 건물수량을 포함한 생산성과 유기한우 사육능력 증대는 물론 조단백질 함량 등 사료가치를 향상을 시켜 한우 사양시 조사료자원의 다양화뿐 아니라 저투입에 의한 양질의 유기조사료 생산으로 유기축산물 생산에도 크게 기여하리라 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1995

A simple conservation technique baled silage making of selected froage materials was discussed in Suwon and in Muan county during 1991 - 1992. Eleven species of forage crops and pasture grasses(maize. sorghum, pearl millet, barnyardgrass, rye, barley, spring oat, Italian ryegrass, orchardgrass, alfalfa and grass-legume pasture mixtures) were harvested at different growth stage from young plant to maturity and baled in a self constructed square baling chamber, and wrapped in a 0.05mm thick polyethylene plastic film. Each bales measured by 90cm long, 60cm wide and 50cm height and weighted between 15~20kg in dry matter basis. physio-molphologcal characteristics of the plants, leaf weight ratio(LWR), leaf area ratio(LAR), stalk ratio (SR), stalk hardness(SH) and other growth parameters, were analysed and were used as a parameter to evaluate the suitability of materials for baling. Italian ryegrass including orchardgrass, alfalfa and pasture mixtures produced high quality baled silage. Silage quality point(F1ieg-point) of Italian ryegrass was improved from 63 point in crushed custom silage to 75 piont in baled silage. Meterial of grass-legume pasture mixtures showed 55 point in crushed silage and 67 point in baled silage. Fodder rye, barley, spring oat and barnyardgrass were also evaluated as a good materials for baled silage making. On the other hand, meize including sorghum and peral millet were evaluated as a not suitable materals for baling due to its high value of SR and SH. Quality of maize was excellent with 88 point in clushed silage and medium with 47 point in baled silage making.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.487-489
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted for 56 days using nine castrated male Black Bengal goats (initial live weight 9.0 kg) aged about 5 months to study the effects of feeding Sesbania leaves as a sole feed on growth performance and nutrient utilization. The animals were fed ad libitum on either road-side grass, Sesbania aculeata leaves or Sesbania rostrata leaves. Average dry matter (DM) intake was 179, 229 and 259 g/d for goats fed road-side grass, Sesbania aculeata and Sesbania rostrata, respectively. Corresponding mean values for average daily live weight change were -6.6, 9.5 and 38.1 g, respectively. These values were higher (p<0.05) for goats fed Sesbania leaves than those given road-side grass. The apparent digestibility of all the proximate components except CF and the concentrations of DCP, TDN, DOM and ME of Sesbania leaves were higher (p<0.05) than those of road-side grass. Sesbania rostrata was superior (p<0.05) to Sesbania aculeata for nutrient digestibilities (except for NFE) and also for DOM, DCP and ME concentrations. Therefore, it may be concluded that the production of Sesbania rostrata, a legume fodder, should be encouraged for feeding goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.887-893
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• 2007

Influences of forage DM and addition of cane molasses on silage characteristics of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) and their ruminal digestion kinetics in Nili buffaloes were studied. Berseem and lucerne fodders (at one tenth bloom) were ensiled with wheat straw in laboratory silos to achieve 20, 30, 40% forage DM and without wheat straw (control); each forage DM level was supplemented with 2, 4 and 6% of cane molasses at ensiling. The pH and lactic acid contents of berseem and lucerne silages were affected by both forage DM and addition of molasses. Dry matter, CP and true protein (TP) of berseem and lucerne silages were affected by forage DM at ensiling but were not affected by the addition of cane molasses. Higher DM, CP and TP losses were observed when berseem and lucerne fodders were ensiled either without wheat straw or with wheat straw to achieve 20% and 40% forage DM at ensiling compared with 30% DM at ensiling. Fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose) of berseem silage and lucerne silage were significantly increased with increasing forage DM at ensiling. Addition of cane molasses did not affect the DM, CP, TP and fiber fractions of both berseem and lucerne silages. Berseem and lucerne ensiled at 30% DM with 2% cane molasses were screened for comparative ruminal digestion kinetics with their respective fodders. Addition of wheat straw to berseem or lucerne fodder at ensiling depressed DM and NDF ruminal degradability. However, ruminal lag time, rate of degradation and extent of digestion of silages were similar to their respective fodders. In conclusion, berseem and lucerne could be ensiled with wheat straw to increase their DM to 30% along with 2% molasses for buffaloes.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2019

The normal feeding approach of goats might be due to their precise anatomical and physiological characteristics of entity, which permit them to be highly selective, to eat legume silages and wild green grass. This review has been designed to consider the grazing behavior, fodder selection, and feed composition of goats. Various herbs and corns consumed by goats have numerous nutritive resources. Based on the general herbaceous intake activities and behavior of goats, they prefer wild grass such as grass grown in the steep hills than soft grass. Because the digestion capacity of cellulose feed has higher digestion level compared to other non-ruminants within rumen and it is advantageous to use wild forest or mountain grass which comprises high proportion of cellulose feed for goat. In South Korea, there are abundant feed resources for goats because of occupying large areas of mountains. Thus, goat production and feeding costs could be reduced if plants are used from the wild forest as a feed for goats relative to grassland grazing. Also, it is expected to contribute in improvement of goat farming with harmonious relationship between the grassland and wild forest while satisfying animal welfare and physiological desires of livestock.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.198-206
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• 1995

본 연구는 1991년부터 1993년까지 사료작물과 목초류 7종(호맥, 대맥, 연맥, Italian ryegrass, alfalfa, orchardgrass 및 혼과목초)을 공시재료로 하여 곤포사일리지(BS=baled silage making)조제이용을 위한 수확시기와 이때의 BS 생산성 및 품질을 평가하였다. 시험방법에 있어서 작물재배는 농촌진흥청의 사료작물 및 목초 표준경종방법에 준하여 실시하였다. 사일리지 조제작업중 BS는 자체적으로 제작한 각형 베일러를 이용 개체당 크기 90cm$\times$60cm$\times$50cm, 중량은 건물기준 20kg 내외, 곤포압착 21~23mm를 유지하여 조제하였다. 한편 고수분 재료는 수분정도에 따라 예건처리(무처리, 0.5일 및 1.0일)와 formic acid(무처리, 0.3% 및 0.6%)를 병행 처리하여 BS 를 조제하였다. 맨류작물의 BS 생산을 위한 수확적기는 대맥, 황숙기, 호맥과 연맥은 유숙기 이었으며 이때의 BS 수량은 각각 11.92톤(대맥), 12.64톤(호맥) 및 8.41톤/ha(연맥)이었다. Italian ryegrass 및 목초의 수확적기는 각 초종 모두 개화기로서 년간 BS 생산성은 Italian 13.81톤(2회 예취), 혼파목초 11.46톤(3회), alfalfa 10.62톤/ha(3회)이었다. 한편 조기수확에 따른 고수분 재료의 BS 품질은 무처리시의 35점에서 예건 및 FA 동시처리시에는 84점으로 향상되었다. Italian tyegrass의 BS품질도 무처리시의 61점에서 예건 및 FA 처리시에는 88점으로 개선되는 효과가 있었다.