• 턱관절균형의학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2011

Objectives: We investigated muscle force from the upper limb lifting resistance test to conform the objectivity in manual muscle test. Methods: We made standard method in upper limb lifting resistance test to compare with experiment method switching the lower limb position left & right. And resistance forces of upper limb of subject were checked to inspector with closing eyes. Results: 1. The lifting resistance of right upper limb was stronger when the lower limb of right and left were abducted. 2. The lifting resistance of right upper limb was weaken when the lower limb of right and left were adducted. 3. The lifting resistance of right upper limb was weaken when the lower limb of right and left were elevated. Conclusions: As the above results, the deltoid muscle force checked in the upper limb lifting resistance test is affected by the location of lower limbs, it suggested that the muscle force of some part in the body will be affected by the other parts. It will be useful to understand the symmetry principle of body in muscle function.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.72-78
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• 1984

The notion that the axis of the shaft of the articulator must coincide the patient's mandibular transverse axis tells us the importance of locating the axis precisely. When using kinematic axis to transfer a cast to an articulator, the anatomic asymmetry of the contralateral points will result in certain distortion when the axis transferred to an articulator where the mechanical axis produces symmetry. In this study, after locating the true hinge axis point with Denar hinge axis locator, the discrepancies between true hinge axis point and arbitrary hinge axis point that was 13mm anterior from the posterior margin of center of trangus to the outer canthus of eye were measured. And the discrepancies between left and right true hinge axis point in the superoinferior and anteroposterior directions were measured. For this study, 20 dental students who have no missing teeth and no difficulties of mandibular movement were selected. Upper and lower cast of subjects were mounted on Denar Mark II articulator uisng Denar Slidematic face-bow and centric relation record for the measurement of discrepancies between left and right true hinge axis points. The results obtained as follows. 1. The mean distance from the arbitrary hinge axis point to the true hinge axis point was as follows. Right: horizontal distance; 1.99mm, vertical distance; 2.12mm, linear distance; 3.36 mm. Left: horizontal distance; 1.39mm, vertical distance; 2.06mm, linear distance; 2.09mm. Total: horizontal distance; 1.69mm, vertical distance; 2.09mm linear distance; 3.06 mm. 2. The 87.5% of true hinge axis points were within 5mm of the arbitrary hinge axis point. 3. The mean discrepancies between the right and left hinge axis point were 2.92mm in superoinferior direction and 4.74mm in anteroposterior direction. 4. When transferring the axis to the articulator, anatomic asymmetry between right: and left axis point produces in dislocation of cast on the articulator, and undesirable shift in esthetic tooth position will be resulted.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.679-688
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• 2008

This paper presents an algorithm capable of detecting leading vehicles using a forward-looking camera. In fact, the accurate measurements of the contact locations of vehicles with road surface are prerequisites for the intelligent vehicle technologies based on a monocular vision. Relying on multistage processing of relevant edge features to the hypothesis generation of a vehicle, the proposed algorithm creates candidate positions being the left and right boundaries of vehicles, and searches for pairs to be vehicle boundaries from the potential positions by evaluating horizontal symmetry. The proposed algorithm is proven to be successful by experiments performed on images acquired by a moving vehicle.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.289-303
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• 1998

For square contingency tables with ordered categories, Tomizawa (1995) considered two kinds of measures to represent the degree of departure from global symmetry, which means that the probability that an observation will fall in one of cells in the upper-right triangle of square table is equal to the probability that the observation falls in one of cells in the lower-left triangle of it. This paper proposes a generalization of those measures. The proposed measure is expressed by using Cressie and Read's (1984) power divergence or Patil and Taillie's (1982) diversity index. Special cases of the proposed measure include TomiBawa's measures. The proposed measure would be useful for comparing the degree of departure from global symmetry in several tables.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2013

본 논문은 대칭 구조의 CRLH 전송선로를 바탕으로 이중모드에서 동작하는 평형 필터 설계를 제안한 것이다. 기존의 대칭 구조와는 다르게 이 구조에서는 공통 모드와 차동 모드의 이중모드에서 동작한다. 이러한 성질은 이 구조의 대칭면에 단락회로를 그라운드 비아에 의해서 동작되도록 구현하였다. 이렇게 하면 공통 모드와 차동 모드에서 모두 동작하는 특성을 얻을 수 있으며, 이러한 성질을 이용하여 평형 필터를 구현하였다. 이러한 특징들을 확인하기 위하여 5개의 대칭 CRLH 단위 셀로 시뮬레이션, 제작 및 측정을 하여 공통 모드와 차동 모드에서 동일하게 동작하는 평형 필터의 특성을 얻었다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define the relation of the degree of menton deviation and 3-D CT (computerized tomography) measurements of the glenoid fossa and the mandible, which are considered to have an influence on menton deviation. Methods: The CT images were obtained in 60 adults and these were transmitted to a computer and reconstructed using computer software. According to the degree of the menton deviation, which was measured on the posteroanterior cephalogram, the subjects were divided into the menton deviated group (30 adults) and the symmetry group (30 adults). A total of 11 measurements that might have an effect on menton deviation were determined and these were measured in the right and left sides using the function of 3-D measurement in the computer program. The 11 measurements consist of 6 measurements in the glenoid fossa (vertical position of the glenoid fossa and articular eminence, the sagittal position of the glenoid fossa and articular eminence, the depth of the glenoid fossa, and the anterior angle of the glenoid fossa), and 5 measurements in the mandible (ramus length, frontal ramal inclination, lateral ramal inclination, body length, body height). Results: The comparison of the differences between the menton deviated and symmetry groups and correlation analysis on the degree of menton deviation were carried out. The results of comparison of the right and the left difference between the menton deviated and symmetry groups showed that the vertical position and depth of the glenoid fossa were significantly increased in the menton deviated group. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that consideration of the shape and position of the glenoid fossa is necessary for making the diagnosis and administering proper treatment in facial asymmetry patients and especially growing patients.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

The aim of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of backward gait training on the treadmill in patients with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Twelve patients with spastic diplegic CP participated in the study. An 8-week course of backward gait training was administered to the subjects for 3 days per week. Pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments of temporal-spatial gait parameters, the symmetry of the bilateral lower extremity weight bearing, and gross motor function were analyzed using motion analysis system, force plate, and Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM). There were significant improvements (p<.05) in the measures of both step length and right stance phase time. Joint kinematics showed increase in right hip abduction in initial contact and terminal swing, right hip external rotation and knee flexion in mid-swing, left ankle dorsiflexion in initial contact and terminal swing (p<.05). The symmetry of the bilateral lower extremity weight bearing and GMFM also significantly increased (p<.05). These findings indicate that backward gait training using a treadmill is beneficial for patients with spastic diplegic CP.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of wearing spandex underwear on the muscle activity and heart rate during flexion and extension of trunk and knee joint. Background: Back pain continues to be the leading overall cause of physical illness and lowering productivity in workplace. Recently, the utility of assistive garment or back belt have been discussed to lessen the back pain as well as to preserve the right posture. Method: Ten males and ten females participated in the experiment. Gender, wearing spandex underwear and postures were used for independent variables, and muscle activity, the level of asymmetry of muscle activity and variation of heart rate were used as dependent variables. Muscle activity and heart rate were measured during flexion and extension of trunk and knee joint. Results: When wearing spandex underwear, the muscle activity was relatively low compared to the condition not wearing the spandex underwear. The symmetry of muscle activity and the variation of heart rate were statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. In particular, it was found that the symmetry of muscle activity increased while wearing spandex underwear. Conclusion: Spandex underwear has an effect that can reduce asymmetry of right and left muscles which are relevant to leg because spandex underwear equally supports right and left low-back muscles. Application: The spandex underwear used in this study can apply to the rehabilitation as an useful assistive device.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.565-581
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• 2003

Statement of problem : A scientific examination and understanding of overall aspects of the natural dentition is the first step involved in making a satisfactory selection in the shade of an aesthetic prosthesis. Proper natural shade selection of the prosthetic restoration that is in harmony with the remaining dentition is as important aesthetically, as harmony of form and function in the anterior dentition. Clinically, the most commonly applied method of shade selection has been visual, but because of the subjective nature inherent to this method, shade selection results are variable and can be influenced by such factors as the technician, the type of shade guide used, and the type and intensity of the lighting. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to develop a more objective and scientific approach to examining and understanding the shade of teeth, which has in turn lead to the development of a number of shade analysis devices that present a more objective method of shade analysis. Material and Method : In this study, the shades of healthy anterior teeth were examined and analyzed using the recently developed digital shade analysis of the $ShadeScan^{TM}$ System. The study examined 80 individuals in their twenties, 40 males and 40 females, presenting 6 healthy, unrestored maxillary anterior teeth. Tooth brushing and oral prophylaxis were performed prior to evaluation. The ShadeScan handpiece was used to acquire images of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth. These images were analyzed using the Vita/Classical mode of the $ShadeScan^{TM}$ Software, and shade maps of each tooth were acquired and divided into cervical, middle, and incisal thirds. The shade distribution of each third, left and right symmetry, and gender differences were investigated and analyzed. Results : The results of the study are as follows : 1. An overwhelming majority of the examined teeth were found to possess shades belong to Group A, with the greatest variations occurring at the middle and cervical thirds of the maxillary central and lateral incisors, in both male and female subjects. 2. Canines of both male and female subjects showed left and right symmetry with uniform shade distribution of A4 and C4, while the lateral and central incisors showed left-right symmetry of the incisal 1/3 with a uniform shade distribution of A2 and A3 shades 3. No significant differences in shade distribution were seen between genders in maxillary canines, whereas maxillary central and lateral incisors showed differences at the middle and cervical thirds between male and female subjects The results of this study show that with the exception of maxillary canines, maxillary anterior teeth display a diverse shade distribution as well as gender differences. Conclusion : Clinically, when making a shade selection using the existing shade guide, one must consider the fact that even a single tooth consists of a variety of shades. The results of this study show that when selecting a shade from a number of groups is difficult, shades from A group are the most consistent with the natural shade or maxillary anterior teeth.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2010

유치열의 우식 패턴에 관한 연구의 일환으로 유치열 치아우식증의 구강내 대칭도를 조사하였다. 36개월 이상 71개월 이하 어린이의 치면별 우식경험을 조사한 자료를 분석하였다. 좌우 유치 dmfs 간 피어슨 상관계수는 0.558(상악 유견치) ~ 0.847(상악 유중절치)이었고, 전체에서 0.905이었으며, 모두 유의하였다(P<0.01). 좌우 값 간의 차이는 대부분 유의하지 않았다(P>0.05). 상하 유치 dmfs 간 피어슨 상관계수는 0.150(우측 유측절치) ~ 0.506(우측 제1유구치)이었고, 전체에서 0.680이었으며, 모두 유의하였다(P<0.01). 상하 값 간의 차이는 대부분 유의하였다(P<0.05). 우식경험이 있는 경우 중에서 양측성으로 있는 경우의 백분율은 유치가 34.0%(상악 유견치) ~ 80.1%(상악 유중절치)이었고, 치면은 상악 유중절치가 53.9%(원심면) ~ 84.9%(근심면), 상악 유측절치가 45.8%(근심면) ~ 68.0%(협면), 상악 제1유구치가 34.1%(근심면) ~ 45.0%(교합면), 상악 제2유구치가 20.7%(원심면) ~ 48.0%(교합면), 하악 제1유구치가 34.4%(협면) ~ 58.1%(교합면), 하악 제2유구치가 29.7%(원심면) ~ 61.4%(교합면)이었다.