• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.386-392
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• 2012

In this study, life cycle cost (LCC) is analyzed according to insulation panel system type using a deterministic LCC analysis method. Through this analysis, it was found that the construction cost in the deterministic LCC analysis for Ceramic panels was low compared to the construction cost for metal and stone panels. Also, the difference in cost between the Ceramic panel and the metal panel was about 2 times. In the area of maintenance cost, it was found to be similar to the previously analyzed construction cost, in which the metal panel has the highest cost due to the high cost of construction and the frequent need for maintenance. In the case of the stone panel, a small difference in cost is shown compared with that of the Ceramic panel, but the cost is higher than the Ceramic panel. Regarding the cost of waste disposal, the Ceramic panel can reduce the cost by at least 1.5 times and up to 2 times compared to other panel systems. Finally, in the analysis of sensitivity according to changes in discount rates, the Ceramic panel and metal panel systems have a similar cost, and the cost of the metal panel is a bit larger than that of other panel systems. Thus, in the subjects used in the analysis, the Ceramic panel system shows the highest economic benefits.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.223-226
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• 2001

This paper suggest a fast multimedia delivery system. by using accelerated video. The system can delivery multimedia data faster and more effectively than previous delivery system. By using accelerated video, users can get information by least cost, and internet delivery server can send maximum information on limited bandwidth.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-120
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• 2000

In the Step of preliminary ship design a designer should decide a economic ship. The economic ship has the least building cost to a annual freight amount satisfying a given design condition That is RFR is minimum among alternatives.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2000

Objectives : Risperidone and clozapine belong to a new generation of antipsychotics that are reportedly more effective and better tolerated than conventional neuroleptics. However, each of these agents costs far more per unit than conventional neuroleptics. The purpose of our retrospective study was to ascertain the total cost and effectiveness of treatment before and after administration of risperidone and clozapine in "revolving door" schizophrenia patients. Method : Data collected on revolving door schizophrenics for 2 years before clozapine and risperidone treatment and for at least 2 years after clozapine and risperidone treatment. Direct cost of inpatient and outpatient treatment was measured. Effectiveness was scaled as "years of mild disability gained". Result : Both risperidone and cloazpine result in higher costs and additional benefits to patients, for example, increased mild disability, reduced number of relapse, and reduced hospital length-of-stay. An ICER of risperidone was less than Rc and ICER of clozapine was greater than Rc. According to decision-analytic this model, risperidone had favorable cost-effectiveness ratios relative to clozapine. Conclusion : We have assumed that risperidone is more cost-effective than clozapine.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.428-438
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• 1999

A study was conducted to estimate cost of major dairy cattle diseases. Forty (n=40) of the 167 dairy herds in Gyeongnam (Chinju) area were stratified and selected randomly for participation in the national animal health monitoring system. Gyeongsnag University veterinarians, Gyeongnam Livestock Promotion Institute veterinarians and clinic veterinarian visited each herd once a month for a total periods of 12 months. At a each visit data on disease, production, management, finance, treatments, preventive activities, animal events, and any other relevant events were collected. Monthly and annual cost estimates of disease treatment were in computed in each herd and stratum(including cost of prevention). Results were expressed as cost per head and given separately for cows, young stock, and calves. In cows, the most expensive seven diseases entities (from the most to the least) were : (1) clinical mastitis; (2) breeding problems; (3)gastrointestinal problems; (4) multiple system problem; (5) birth problems; (6) metabolic/nutritional disease; (7) lameness. In young stock, the most costly disease were the multiple system problems, breeding problems, respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, and lameness. In calves, the most costly disease problems were gastrointestinal problems, respiratory disease, integumental, multiple system problems, and metabolic/nutritional problems.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-111
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• 2021

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) produce radioactive waste and decommissioning this waste entails additional cost; determining these costs for various types and specifications of radioactive waste can be challenging. The purpose of this study is to identify major determinants of the decommissioning cost and their impact on NPPs. To this end, data from defunct NPPs were gathered and 2SLS (Two Stage Least Squares) regression models were developed to investigate the major contributors depending on the reactor types, viz. PWR (Pressurized Water Reactors) and BWR (Boiling Water Reactors). Additionally, cost estimations and the Monte Carlo simulation were performed as part of performance validation. Our study established that the decommissioning costs are primarily influenced by the level of radioactivity in the decommissioned waste, which can be realized from operational factors like operation period, overall efficiency, and plant capacity, as well as from duration of decommissioning and labour cost. While our study provides an improved statistical approach to recognize these factors, we acknowledge that our models have limitations in forecasting accurately which we envisage to bolster in future studies by identifying more substantive factors.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.513-522
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• 2019

We calculate the benefit of distributed combined heat power generators from avoiding a transmission expansion cost by building distributed generators near electricity demand centers. We determine a transmission expansion plan by solving a mixed integer linear problem, where we modify capacities of existing transmission lines and build new transmission lines. We calculate the benefit by comparing the sum of generation and transmission expansion costs with or without distributed generators through two simulation frames. In the first frame, for the current demand, we substitute existing distributed generators for non-distributed generators and measure an additional cost to balance the generation and demand. In the second frame, for increased future demand, we compare the cost to invest only in distributed generators to the cost to invest only in non-distributed generators. As a result, we show that the distributed generators have at least 5.8 won/kWh of the benefit from avoiding the transmission expansion cost.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.484-494
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• 2017

In industrial plants such as nuclear power plants, system operations are performed by embedded controllers orchestrated by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software. A targeted attack (also termed a control aware attack) on the controller/SCADA software can lead a control system to operate in an unsafe mode or sometimes to complete shutdown of the plant. Such malware attacks can result in tremendous cost to the organization for recovery, cleanup, and maintenance activity. SCADA systems in operational mode generate huge log files. These files are useful in analysis of the plant behavior and diagnostics during an ongoing attack. However, they are bulky and difficult for manual inspection. Data mining techniques such as least squares approximation and computational methods can be used in the analysis of logs and to take proactive actions when required. This paper explores methodologies and algorithms so as to develop an effective monitoring scheme against control aware cyber attacks. It also explains soft computation techniques such as the computational geometric method and least squares approximation that can be effective in monitor design. This paper provides insights into diagnostic monitoring of its effectiveness by attack simulations on a four-tank model and using computation techniques to diagnose it. Cyber security of instrumentation and control systems used in nuclear power plants is of paramount importance and hence could be a possible target of such applications.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2006

Blind techniques without the help of training sequences are able to detect the information signal which has the minimal information of desired user. In this paper, we proposed the blind multiuser detector using the hybrid cost function to cancel the multiple user interference in direct sequence code division multiple access systems. The cost function of proposed blind multiuser detector is the hybrid type which joints both least mean square(LMS) algorithm and least mean fourth(LMF) algorithm. We evaluate the bit error rate(BER) performance of proposed blind multiuser detector under additive white Gaussian noise channel. Simulation results show that the proposed blind detector has an about 3dB of signal to noise ratio more than blind minimum output energy(MOE) multiuser detector under existing active user 20.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.451-458
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• 2000

The precise speed and position control technique for Brushless DC Motor demands accurate position and speed feedback information. Generally, resolver or absolute encoders are used as speed and positiion sensor. But they increase cost and more problem happens at low speed than high speed specially. Therefore, in this paper, optimal speed observer is proposed for decreasing size and cost of whole system. And also, we consider the error problem about the system modeling and measurement at low speed range as well as high speed. The overall system consists of two parts, a drive and a speed observer. We make use of Least square curve fitting algorithm as speed observer and can overcome low resolution by proposed observer. Also, because of using the signal of hall sensor, robust control is possible in low speed as well as high speed for the change of the parameters of the system and disturbance. To construct observer using the signal of hall sensor, we design the pulse multiplier circuit and the software of microprocessor, AT89CC2051. Finally, the performance of the proposed observer is exemplified by some simulations and experiments.