• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.85-92
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• 2002

When the United Nation classified as Korea is the one of the water deficit country. The consensus was made that the water is the one of the precious national resources. Government increases their R/D budget trying to get more clean water bodies. For instances, 'Sustainable Water Resources Development' project is the one of major title in '21 Century Frontier Research project and there are several small research projects are undergoing by the Ministry of Agriculture and KARICO. However, when the environmental preservation issue has been get more emphasis, construction of the Surface Dam met the blockage from the environmentalists due to the problem of the their water buried area. Since the most fitting site for surface dam had been used in the past, some engineer move their focus on modification of the existing Dam's height to enlarge its capacity or dredging the bottom of the reservoir recently However dredging evoke water quality problem in return by accumulated materials at the bottom. Last year the Dong Gang Dam plan has been canceled by environmental problem in water buried area of the reservoir. With the point of this view, ground water gets more focus for the one of the useful alternative for clean water bodies. Underground dam technique which had widely applied once in the early nineteen eighties by the KARICO and attenuated due to engineering insufficiency. The technique is newly studied with the advanced engineering technique. Still groundwater usage rate in Korea is much lower comparing with the advanced countries and has many rooms to develop. Wells, under ground dam and radial collector wells are typical facilities up to now. There is little application in Korea for the Recharge Dam, which had been widely used in the advanced countries. The Recharge Dam is technique to conjunct surface water and groundwater body together, This technique had developed to increase groundwater recharge at the beginning This research is the result of the study on the possibility of the development of the new technology, Groundwater Reservoir' which was modified from Recharge Dam. Groundwater Reservoir is like a deep artificial lakes trenched in hard rock aquifer to get groundwater. The advantage of the Groundwater Reservoir is followings 1) It can be developed at the plains area, not in the deep valley 2) Huge water body can be developed without dam 3) Small buried area comparing surface water dam makes the least environmental effect. 4) Trenching cost can be substitute by the income of the selling rock debris 5) Outfit of the reservoir can be modified to match with the site prospect 6) Rock debris can be used as constructing materials 7) It can be used as groundwater recharge system when the heavy rains comes 8) The reservoir looks like scenery lake with huge clean water bodies.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 1998

Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum) seedlings raised through its seeds can replace the rhizomes impelling higher cost for transplanting, This experiment was done to determine the seed characteristics and the germinating processes to give some information on bulk production of seedlings using the seeds. The external or internal morphology of seeds or seedlings grown in lab. or greenhouse was examined mainly with stereomicroscope. The external shape of Solomon's seal seed was hard seed-coat and orthotropous ovule with linear type embryo stretching to the center of seed. Germination proceeded through the several steps. The lower part of seed embryo having the primordia of bulbil and roots first grew before the bulbil and roots was developed from the primordia. The lower part of embryo was enlarged toward the endosperm of seed as soon as seed germinated. Then epicotyl was formed on the apex of bulbil. The epicotyl was elongated after at least 6-week chilling treatment for breaking its dormancy and the first leaf shape was affected by light intensity given during seedling emergence. The bulbil was the first organ of the rhizome used as tea or herb medicine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1620-1620
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• 2001

Forages, both grazed and conserved, provide the basis of ruminant production systems throughout the world. More than 90 per cent of the feed energy consumed by herbivorous animals world - wide were provided by forages. With such world - wide dependence on forages, the economic and nutritional necessity of been able to characterize them in a meaningful way is vital. The characterization of forages for productive animals is becoming important for several reasons. Relative to conventional laboratory procedures, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers advantages of simplicity, speed, reduced chemical waste, and more cost-effective prediction of product functionality. NIR spectroscopy represents a radical departure from conventional analytical methods, in that entire sample of forage is characterized in terms of its absorption properties in the near infrared region, rather than separate subsamples being treated with various chemicals to isolate specific components. This forces the analyst to abandon his/her traditional narrow focus on the sample (one analyte at a time) and to take a broader view of the relationship between components within the sample and between the sample and the population from which it comes. forage is usually analysed by NIRS in dry and ground presentation. Initial success of NIRS analysis of coarse forages suggest a need to better understand the potential for analysis of minimally processed samples. Preparation costs and possible compositional alterations could be reduced by samples presented to the instrument in undried and unground conditions. NIRS has gained widespread acceptance for the analysis of forage quality constituents on dry material, however little attention has been given to the use of NIRS for chemical determinations on undried and unground forages. Relatively few works reported the use of NIRS to determine quality parameters on undried materials, most of them on both grass and corn silage. Only two works have been found on the determination of quality parameters on fresh forages. The objectives of this paper were (1) to evaluate the use of NIRS for determination of nitrogen and moisture on undried and unground forage samples and (2) to explore two mathematical treatments and two NIR regions to predict chemical parameters on fresh forage. Four hundred forage samples (n: 400) were analysed in a NIRS 6500 instrument (NIR Systems, PA, USA) in reflectance mode. Two mathematical treatments were applied: 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2. Predictive equations were developed using modified partial least squares (MPLS) with internal cross - validation. Coefficient of determination in calibration (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and standard error in cross-validation (SECV) for moisture were 0.92 (12.4) and 0.92 (12.4) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on g $kg^{-1}$ dry weight. For crude protein NIRS calibration statistics yield a (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and (SECV) of 0.85 (19.8) and 0.85 (19.6) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on a dry weight. It was concluded that NIRS is a suitable method to predict moisture and nitrogen on fresh forage without samples preparation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1262-1262
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• 2001

The rice plant is one of the important staple crops in Korea. The high yield with low cost in rice is required the soil fertility and the development of new precise method of fertilizer application by nutritional diagnosis. Now, in Korea, the nitrogen application system for the rice plant is composed of the basal fertilization, fertilization at tillering stage and fertilization at panicle stage, which the nitrogen fertilization at panicle stage amount to about 30 percent in the total amount. Thus, this experiment carried out to the development of the system that can measure the nitrogen content in the rice plant at panicle stage rapidly with the near infrared spectroscopy, and to predict the appropriate quantity of the nitrogen fertilization at panicle stage based on calibration model for test of nitrogen content in rice plant. The samples were collected from 48 varieties in 4 regions which are mainly cultivated in the southern part of Korea. And then, it collected by classifying into the leaf, the whole plant and the stem since 7 days before the nitrogen fertilization at panicle stage. The ranges of the nitrogen contents were 1.6∼4.0%, 1.7∼3.0% and 1.4∼2.7% in the leaf, the whole plant and the stem, respectively. In the calibration models created by each part of the plant under the Multiple Linear Regression(MLR) method, the calibration model for the leaf recorded the relatively high accuracy. The mutual crossing test on unknown samples were carried out using Partial Least Square(PLS) calibration model. That is, the nitrogen content in the stem was tested by calibration model made by the leaf model and that of stem was tested by calibration model made by whole plant sample. When unknown leaf sample was tested by calibration model made by all sample that collected from each part in rice plant such as leaf, stem and whole plant, it recorded the highest accuracy. As a result, to test the nitrogen content in the rice plant at panicle stage, the nitrogen content in the leaf shall be tested by the calibration model composed of the leaf, the stem and the whole plant. In future, to estimated the amount of nitrogen fertilization at panicle stage for rice plant , it will be calculated based on regression model between rice yield and nitrogen content of leaf measured by calibration model made by mixed sample including leaf, stem and whole plant.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 1999

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine among 1,490 residents(339 households) in Suwon city. Methods: All respondents were asked about types, frequency, effects, side-effects, views, and cost of complementary or alternative medicine through a questionnaire from July 24th to 27th. Six therapies were investigated: diet; acupuncture/ massage/ chiropractic etc., mind control such as Ki/ Yoga/ spiritual therapy/ relaxation therapy etc.; nutritional supplements, cultural remedies; and Herb medications Results: The results of this survey were as follows: 35.6% of respondents had experiences with at least one or more types of complementary and alternative medicine. The average number of different types of therapies used was 3.4. More experience with various types of therapies were found among those respondents of higher education, older age group, higher income, married group, religious group than among the opposite groups of respondents. Herb medications were used most frequently(39.8%), followed by minor grains(37.9%), Ginseng(23.8%), Boshintang(21.5%), acupuncture(20.3%), Gaesojou(15.3%) Gingko nut(12.0%), mushroom(11.5%), Cupping therapy(10.2%), and black goat(0.0%). Acupuncture and Herb medications were used for treatment of hypertension the most frequently; minor grains or silkworm for treatment of diabetic mellitus; vegetables for treatment of obesity; acupuncture, Cupping Therapy, Herb medications for treatment of rheumatism; and acupuncture, Herb medications, or exercises for treatment of Cerebro Vascular Accident(CVA). The average costs of treatment were 108,000 Won for hypertension, 87,200 Won for diabetic mellitus, 16,800 Won for obesity, 68,800 Won for rheumatism, and 87,500 Won for CVA. Among 10.9% of respondents, there were 13 cases of side-effects with acupuncture, Herb medications, and Gaesojou. Among the cases of side-effects, majority was due to Herb medications. Respondents reported that Cupping Therapy was the most effective, followed by acupuncture, Ginseng, Gingko nut, Boshintang, black goat, minor grains, Gaesojou, Herb medications, vegetables, and mushroom. In response to the views of complementary and alternative medicine which they had used, they recommended minor grains first, followed by Ginseng, acupuncture, Gingko nut, Cupping Therapy, vegetables, Boshintang, black goat, mushroom and Herb medications. In contrast, they did not recommend Herb medications, acupuncture, nor Gaesojou. Conclusions: These findings indicate that many people use various complementary and alternative medicine without any guidelines for treatment of serious chronic diseases not even to invigorate themselves. It is, therefore, suggested that medical doctors or scientists verify the true effects or side-effects from the most common complementary or alternative therapies through experiments. Also medical doctors should provide a comfortable atmosphere for discussion among doctors and patients who would like to try these therapies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.7-7
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• 2001

The increasing interest in light weight materials coupled to the need for cost -effective processing have combined to create a significant opportunity for aluminum P/M. particularly in the automotive industry in order to reduce fuel emissions and improve fuel economy at affordable prices. Additional potential markets for Al PIM parts include hand tools. Where moving parts against gravity represents a challenge; and office machinery, where reciprocating forces are important. Aluminum PIM adds light weight, high compressibility. low sintering temperatures. easy machinability and good corrosion resistance to all advantages of conventional iron bm;ed P/rv1. Current commercial alloys are pre-mixed of either the AI-Si-Mg or AL-Cu-Mg-Si type and contain 1.5% ethylene bis-stearamide as an internal lubricant. The powder is compacted in closed dies at pressure of 200-500Mpa and sintered in nitrogen at temperatures between $580~630^{\circ}C$ in continuous muffle furnace. For some applications no further processing is required. although most applications require one or more secondary operations such as sizing and finishing. These sccondary operations improve the dimension. properties or appearance of the finished part. Aluminum is often considered difficult to sinter because of the presence of a stable surface oxide film. Removal of the oxide in iron and copper based is usually achieved through the use of reducing atmospheres. such as hydrogen or dissociated ammonia. In aluminum. this occurs in the solid st,lte through the partial reduction of the aluminum by magncsium to form spinel. This exposcs the underlying metal and facilitates sintering. It has recently been shown that < 0.2% Mg is all that is required. It is noteworthy that most aluminum pre-mixes contain at least 0.5% Mg. The sintering of aluminum alloys can be further enhanced by selective microalloying. Just 100ppm pf tin chnnges the liquid phase sintering kinetics of the 2xxx alloys to produce a tensile strength of 375Mpa. an increilse of nearly 20% over the unmodified alloy. The ductility is unnffected. A similar but different effect occurs by the addition of 100 ppm of Pb to 7xxx alloys. The lend changes the wetting characteristics of the sintering liquid which serves to increase the tensile strength to 440 Mpa. a 40% increase over unmodified aIloys. Current research is predominantly aimed at the development of metal matrix composites. which have a high specific modulus. good wear resistance and a tailorable coefficient of thermal expnnsion. By controlling particle clustering and by engineering the ceramic/matrix interface in order to enhance sintering. very attractive properties can be achicved in the ns-sintered state. I\t an ils-sintered density ilpproaching 99%. these new experimental alloys hnve a modulus of 130 Gpa and an ultimate tensile strength of 212 Mpa in the T4 temper. In contest. unreinforcecl aluminum has a modulus of just 70 Gpa.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

As the first step of a research on the establishment of control strategy for grapevine diseases and insects, the current status of pest control and yield losses by them were surveyed from grapevine growers of Korea. For insects, the most difficult to control was a grapevine stem borer and a grapevine clearwing moth was the next. On the other hand, several diseases including anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew, bird's eye rot, leaf blight, were answered by the growers. The occurrence of the pests varied to the cultural practices. Yield loss was more serious in rainfall intercept culture than in plastic film house culture and diseases caused more loss in yield than insects did. However, the grapevine grower's potential for the identification of the kinds of pests was not high enough. When the pest was observed, the growers consulted mainly with local pesticide dealers or neighbouring growers and usually applied the pesticides prescribed by the dealer. More than half of the growers did not use pest control calendar, and most of the growers applied pesticides before any symptom appeared. Also, more than half of the growers applied mixture of at least more than 1 kind of pesticide and nutrients. Insecticides were applied less than 5 times during the season, but it was more than 6 times for fungicides. In the pesticide selection, the growers checked control effect first, regardless of the registration, and the pest control cost per unit area varied very much depending on the growers.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.15-29
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• 2016

This study investigated the environmental and economical assessment for sewage sludge treatment options including biogasification, incineration, carbonization, drying, and solidification. Considering B/C ratio for an anaerobic digestion treatment, for $270,000m^3/d$ (over $1,150m^3/day$), B/C was 1, as the moisture content increased to 95 %, B/C was 1 for $100000m^3/d$ (capacity of $400m^3/day$). Anaerobic digestion+solidification was the most economically feasible, then Anaerobic digestion+incineration and anaerobic digestion+drying were the next economically feasible and then anaerobic digestion+carbonization was the least economically feasible. If anaerobic digestion efficiency was improved to 45%, the treatment costs for anaerobic digestion+carbonization, anaerobic digestion+incineration and anaerobic digestion+drying were decreased to 3,000~5,000 won/t and the costs for anaerobic digestion+solidification was decreased to 2,000~3,000 won/t due to increasing of the beneficial cost of the biogas production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.91-115
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• 1996

In the recent years, protected horticultural facilities have been modernized and glasshouses are also propagating in Korea, even most vegetables production are conducted in the traditional plastic houses covered with, for example, PVC film for just temperature keeping. It would limit the productivity and competitivity of the vegetable production industry without automatization and high quality year round production. A plant factory, aimed to produce vegetables in the limited areas, was initiated in Christensen farm, Denmark in 1957, and widely propagated in some developed countries. As it has the automatized system which enables to keep optimized environment conditions, it will be the best facility for high quality products as well as year round planned production. However, we have not even started the plant factory production. Since the plant factory is requiring lots of resources, besides plant cultivation technologies, such as environment control, automatic engineering and robotics, our approach to the development of plant factories should be minded on Practical Plant Factories considering our current farming practices and least capital needs rather than blindly employing the advanced technologies from developed countries. Thus, Korean plant factory development can be initiated with year round leaf vegetables production in NFT or DFT cultivation system instead of the moval bed system, in which aerial environment factors such as light, temperature, humidity and CO$_2$ concentration and root environment ones such as solution concentration, temperature, pH and water soluble oxygen shall be automatically controlled. And the seeding, seedling and transplanting operations shall be accomplished in the house entrance, and the harvesting and grading opreations shall be conducted in the house exit. For practical plant factories, environment control technologies including artificial light source, illumination and air conditioning, automatic management for nutrient solution and automatic production line of moval bed system, transplanting and harvest should be developed along with researches on the cost reduction of factory building construction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2819-2830
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• 2009

Load bearing structural members in a wide variety of applications accumulate damage over their service life. During experiment much effort and cost is needed for measuring structural safety assessment. The sparseness and errors of measured data have to be considered during the safety estimation of structures. This paper introduces parameter estimation and damage identification algorithm by a system identification using static and dynamic response. The equation error estimator and response error widely used in system identification are based on the minimization of least squared error between measured and calculated responses by a mathematical model of a structure. Since each estimator has a specific form of application in noisy environment and proposes different definitions for these forms. To study the behaviour of the estimators in noisy environment Using Monte Carlo simulation, and a data measured pertubation scheme is adopted to investigate the influence of measurement errors on identification results. The assessment result by static and dynamic response were compared, and the efficiency and applicabilities of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated through simulated static and dynamic responses of a dimensional truss type structures.